Chest Pain(胸痛)

參考指引: 2021 AHA/ACC Chest Pain Guideline(PMID 34709879)・2025 ACC/AHA ACS Guideline(PMID 40013746)・2020 ESC NSTE-ACS 0h/1h hs-Troponin algorithm(PMID 32860058) 更新日期: 2026-06


一、總覽:危及生命的 chest pain(必須先排除)

DiseaseAbbreviation重要特徵
Acute coronary syndromeACSpressure-like、radiation to left arm/jaw、ECG changes、troponin↑
Aortic dissectionADtearing、突發即最嚴重、radiation to back、pulse asymmetry
PEPEsudden-onset pleuritic、dyspnea、DVT history、hypoxia
Tension pneumothorax外傷/mechanical ventilation 後、tracheal deviation、absent breath sounds
Cardiac tamponadeBeck’s triad、electrical alternans、pulsus paradoxus
Esophageal ruptureBoerhaave syndrome:vomiting 後、mediastinitis

二、鑑別診斷:系統性分析

心因性(Cardiac)

ACS:

📌 以下 symptom likelihood ratio(LR)數據來自 JAMA Rational Clinical Examination(Panju et al. 1998)1,為診斷 acute MI 的經典 bedside 證據。重點:單一 symptom 的 LR 都不夠強到能單獨 rule in/out,須整合 ECG + troponin + risk score。

  • 典型:pressure、squeezing sensation(“pressure”、“squeezing”),radiation to left arm/jaw/shoulder
    • radiation to both arms:⊕ LR 7.1(最強的單一 symptom 特徵)1
    • radiation to right arm/shoulder:⊕ LR ~2.3;radiation to left arm:⊕ LR ~2.31
    • 伴 diaphoresis:⊕ LR ~2.01
    • 伴 nausea / vomiting:⊕ LR ~1.91
    • 降低 MI 機率的特徵: pleuritic chest pain ⊖ LR 0.2、reproduced by palpation ⊖ LR 0.2–0.4、sharp/stabbing ⊖ LR 0.3、positional pain ⊖ LR 0.31
  • 持續 >20 分鐘(STEMI)或反覆發作(UA/NSTEMI)
  • 誘因:exertion、emotion(UA/NSTEMI 可在 rest 時發作)
  • signs:S3 ⊕ LR 3.2、hypotension ⊕ LR 3.11
  • ≈ prior MI、known CAD 提高 pretest probability(需查證精確 LR)
  • ↓ w/ NTG/rest(不可靠,勿用來排除 ACS;NTG response 對 ACS 的鑑別價值低)

不典型 presentation(女性、老年、diabetes 更常見):

  • epigastric pain、nausea、fatigue、silent MI
  • jaw pain 或只有 dyspnea

Stable angina:

  • exertion 誘發、rest/nitroglycerin <5 分鐘緩解
  • 無 troponin 升高

Pericarditis:

  • sharp、pleuritic(respiration 加重)、前傾坐姿(sitting forward)緩解
  • ECG:diffuse ST elevation+PR depression

Myocarditis:

  • 類似 ACS presentation,troponin↑,但 coronary artery 正常

large-vessel(Vascular)

Aortic Dissection:

📌 以下 LR 來自 JAMA Rational Clinical Examination(Klompas 2002)2。關鍵警語:clinical exam sensitivity 不足以 rule out AD(severe pain pooled sensitivity 90%、sudden onset 84%),漏診的 mortality 極高 → 臨床懷疑就該 imaging。

  • 突發 tearing/ripping 最嚴重 chest-back pain(absence of sudden-onset pain ⊖ LR 0.32
  • Stanford A(ascending aorta)→ surgical emergency
  • Stanford B(descending aorta)→ 通常先 medical therapy
  • 特徵:
    • pulse deficit / BP differential(兩臂 SBP 差 >20 mmHg):⊕ LR 5.72
    • focal neuro deficit:⊕ LR 6.6–33.02
    • aortic regurgitation diastolic murmur:⊕ LR 1.4(價值有限)2
    • CXR mediastinum/aorta 正常 ⊖ LR 0.3(abnormal CXR sensitivity ~90%;正常者降低機率但不能完全排除)2
    • imaging 上 false lumen 確認(CTA / TEE)
  • 禁忌:若懷疑 AD 但非常像 ACS → coronary angiography/anticoagulation/antiplatelet 前先做 CTA 排除 AD(antithrombotic 會使 AD 災難化)

Pulmonary Embolism:(詳見 Pulmonary Embolism

  • sudden-onset pleuritic chest pain+dyspnea
  • DVT symptoms、術後、長途旅行、oral contraceptive、malignancy
  • physical exam:↑ RR & HR、↓ SaO₂
  • hs-Troponin 可輕微升高(RV strain)、± BNP 升高(提示 RV dysfunction → risk stratification)
  • ECG:
    • Sinus tachycardia 最常見
    • S1Q3T3(不常見但特異)
    • RAD、RBBB、TWI V1-V4、偶爾 V1-V3 STE
  • 評估:Wells / revised Geneva score → low pretest + 陰性 D-dimer 可排除;否則 CTPA(或 V/Q)確認

胸壁/muscle骨骼(Musculoskeletal)

Costochondritis:

  • reproducible tenderness(palpation 重現 pain)
  • costosternal joint inflammation,局部 tenderness 明顯

Tietze Syndrome:

  • costochondritis+swelling(區別於 costochondritis)

Muscle strain / rib fracture:

  • 特定 posture 或 palpation 誘發

肺/胸膜(Pulmonary)

Pleuritis:

  • pleuritic pain:deep inspiration、cough 加重;非 pressure-like
  • 原因:viral、PE、SLE、pneumonia

Pneumothorax:

  • 突發 unilateral chest pain+dyspnea
  • 高危:tall thin male(primary)、COPD/mechanical ventilation(secondary)
  • CXR:lung markings 消失、lung edge 清晰可見

Pneumonia:

  • fever、cough、pleuritic pain;CXR infiltrate

gastrointestinal(GI)

GERD(gastroesophageal reflux disease):

  • heartburn、acid regurgitation、飯後臥床加重
  • antacids 緩解(但 nitrate 也可緩解 esophageal spasm,不可憑此排除 ACS!)

Esophageal spasm:

  • 可與 ACS 難以區分(radiation to chest、nitrates 緩解)
  • manometry 確診

Esophageal rupture(Boerhaave):

  • 劇烈 vomiting 後 → pneumomediastinum(Hamman’s sign:隨心跳的 crunching sound)
  • CXR:pneumomediastinum、left-sided pleural effusion

Peptic ulcer disease / Gastritis:

  • epigastric burning pain,空腹或進食緩解(依型態)

其他

Herpes Zoster:

  • dermatomal burning sensation;初期可無 rash(pre-eruptive)

Anxiety / Panic attack:

  • tachypnea、palpitation、finger paresthesia、chest tightness
  • diagnosis of exclusion;年輕人常見,但不可直接貼標籤

三、急診評估流程

Vital signs + 快速 Risk Stratification

立即:

  • IV access + 12-lead ECG(≤10 分鐘)
  • vital signs(BP 雙臂,SpO₂,RR)
  • POC glucose

高危 signs(立即處置):

  • hypotension、SpO₂ <90%、respiratory distress
  • high-risk ECG(判讀詳見 Electrocardiography(ECG判讀)):
    • ST elevation(STEMI / STEMI equivalent)、new LBBB
    • STEMI equivalents:de Winter T waves、Wellens syndrome(V2-V3 雙相/深倒 T → proximal LAD 嚴重 stenosis)、aVR ST elevation + 廣泛 ST depression(left main/three-vessel disease)、posterior MI(V1-V3 ST↓ + tall R)
    • high-grade AV block(3° AV block)、Brugada pattern、廣泛 ST depression

Chest pain 主要評估路徑(ACS Protocol)

步驟一:ECG

  • STEMI 或 STEMI equivalent → 啟動 cardiac catheterization(door-to-balloon ≤90 min)
  • Normal or non-diagnostic → 進入 troponin protocol

步驟二:hs-Troponin

  • 定義: >99th percentile URL with rise and/or fall(動態變化)= acute MI(搭配 ischemia 臨床/ECG);單純升高不等於 MI
  • 時間特性: injury 後 1 h 內即可測得 → ~24 h 達峰 → 可持續升高 >1 週
  • 檢測時機: 初診測一次 → 1(或 2)h 後重測 → 臨床/ECG 變化時加測;同時看絕對值與 delta(變化量)
  • ESC 0h/1h algorithm(優選 accelerated pathway,2020 ESC NSTE-ACS)3
    • 具體 cutoff 依各廠牌 hs-cTn assay 不同(下列為常用 hs-cTnT [Elecsys] 例):
    • Rule-out:0h <5 ng/L(且 symptom onset >3 h);或 0h <12 ng/L Δ(0→1h) <3 ng/L
    • Rule-in:0h ≥52 ng/L;或 Δ(0→1h) ≥5 ng/L
    • Observe zone(中間):不符上述 → 重測 3h hs-cTn + imaging(echo / CCTA)+ 臨床再評估
    • ⚠️ hs-cTnI(Architect/Atellica/Dimension 等)有各自不同的 0h/1h 數值,臨床使用務必查該院 assay 的 ESC 對照表,勿跨 assay 套用3
  • troponin 升高 ≠ MI(鑑別診斷):
    • MI:Type 1(atherosclerotic plaque rupture 合併 thrombosis)vs Type 2(supply-demand mismatch,如 anemia/sepsis/tachyarrhythmia,非 plaque event)
    • non-ischemic myocardial injury:myocarditis、acute decompensated HF、Takotsubo、cardioversion/defibrillation、cardiac contusion
    • systemic:PE、pulmonary hypertension、stroke / SAH、sepsis / 重症、CKD(baseline 偏高)

步驟三:Risk Scoring

  • HEART score(急診 chest pain 分流首選,預測 6 週 MACE;c-statistic 0.83 優於 TIMI/GRACE)45
指標012
History低度可能性中度高度(典型 ACS)
ECG正常非特異異常(如 repolarization、LBBB、LVH、pacing)顯著 ST deviation
Age<4545-65>65
Risk factors無已知1-2 個 risk factor已知 atherosclerotic disease / ≥3 個危因
Troponin≤正常1-3× ULN>3× ULN

risk factors = HTN、DM、dyslipidemia、smoking、family history、obesity(BMI >30)。

  • HEART 0-3(low risk):6 週 MACE ~1.7%(rule out >98%)→ 可安排早期出院、門診追蹤;仍須符合 ECG 正常 + serial troponin 陰性5
  • HEART 4-6(intermediate):6 週 MACE ~16.6% → 收觀察、serial hs-troponin、考慮 non-invasive testing(CCTA / stress)
  • HEART 7-10(high risk):6 週 MACE ~50.1% → 住院 + 早期 invasive / coronary 評估5
  • 注意:HEART 為 ACS 分流工具,不可用來排除 AD / PE 等非 ACS 致命病因,須各自評估(ADD-RS、Wells)。

鑑別 ACS vs. Aortic Dissection(AD)

特徵ACSAD
pain qualitypressure-liketearing、ripping
onsetgradual突發即最嚴重
radiationleft arm、jawback、flank
雙臂 BP 差 / pulse deficit通常無常有(>20 mmHg):⊕ LR 5.72
focal neuro deficit無(除非併發 stroke)可有:⊕ LR 6.6–33.02
Troponin升高(若受累)可輕微升高(若 coronary ostium 受累)
CXR mediastinum/aorta通常正常常異常;正常 ⊖ LR 0.3(降低但不能排除)2
確診 imagingcoronary angiographyCTA / TEE 見 false lumen

初始診斷工作(history + physical exam + ECG 為核心,2021 AHA/ACC chest pain guideline 架構)6

  • 詳細 history:pain quality、severity、location、radiation;誘發/緩解 factors;onset intensity(突發即最劇 → AD);duration、frequency、pattern;情境;associated symptoms;cardiac history 與 risk factors
  • 針對性 physical exam:VS(含兩臂 BP)、abnormal heart sounds(S3、murmur、rub、muffled)、bruit/diminished pulse、CHF signs、lung 與 abdomen、chest wall palpation
  • 12-lead ECG ≤10 分鐘取得並與舊 ECG 比較;若懷疑 ACS 但標準 ECG 無診斷性、或 ST↓ V1-V3 + refractory pain → 加做 posterior leads V7-V9(排除 posterior MI);inferior STEMI → 加 V4R(RV MI)
  • CXR 及進階 imaging(echo、CTPA、CTA aorta、CCTA)依 history/physical exam/初查結果決定

ADD-RS(Aortic Dissection Detection Risk Score):

  • 高危特徵(各 1 分):即刻最嚴重 tearing pain、pulse/BP deficit、known aortic disease
  • 0 分:AD 可能性低(可用 hs-D-dimer 輔助排除)
  • ≥1 分:CTA aorta 評估

四、Chest pain 特殊族群

女性

  • 較多「atypical」symptoms(fatigue、nausea、epigastric pain)
  • 風險往往被低估,需更積極評估

老年(>70 歲)

  • Silent MI 更常見
  • symptoms 可能只有 dyspnea 或 altered mental status
  • comorbidities 使診斷複雜

Diabetes

  • autonomic neuropathy → sensory abnormality → painless MI 更常見

Cocaine 使用者

  • coronary vasospasm → ACS(即使無明顯 CAD)
  • β-blocker 相對禁忌(unopposed alpha effect → vasoconstriction 加重)

五、Clinical Pearls

  • ECG 在 10 分鐘內:chest pain 評估的第一優先項目(door-to-ECG ≤10 min)6
  • hs-Troponin 0h/1h algorithm:現代急診標準 accelerated pathway,比 3h/6h 更快;但 cutoff 因 assay 而異,勿跨廠牌套用3
  • HEART score 低危(0-3):6 週 MACE <2%,可早期出院、門診評估;但 ECG 須正常 + serial troponin 陰性5
  • 單一 symptom LR 都不夠強:radiation to both arms ⊕ LR 7.1 是最強單項,仍須整合 ECG + troponin(Panju JAMA 1998)1
  • AD 懷疑 → antithrombotic/coronary angiography 前先 CTA 排除:誤把 AD 當 ACS 給 antiplatelet/anticoagulation/thrombolysis 會災難化;clinical exam 無法 rule out AD2
  • Nitrate 緩解不代表 angina:esophageal spasm 也可被 nitrate 緩解(NTG response 對 ACS 鑑別價值低)
  • inferior STEMI(II/III/aVF)→ 加做 V4R:排除 RV MI(RV infarct 對 preload 依賴 → 禁用 nitrate/diuretic)
  • Boerhaave syndrome:劇烈 vomiting 後突發 mediastinitis → mortality 高,需 emergency surgery
  • Wellens syndrome(V2-V3 雙相或深 T inversion):常在「pain-free interval」出現,代表 proximal LAD 嚴重 stenosis → 禁做 exercise stress test,須 coronary 評估

🔗 相關筆記


📚 Key References

  1. Panju AA, Hemmelgarn BR, Guyatt GH, Simel DL. The rational clinical examination. Is this patient having a myocardial infarction? JAMA 1998;280(14):1256-63. PMID: 9786377
  2. Klompas M. Does this patient have an acute thoracic aortic dissection? JAMA 2002;287(17):2262-72. PMID: 11980527
  3. Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain. Circulation 2021;144(22):e368-e454. PMID: 34709879
  4. Collet JP, Thiele H, Barbato E, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation(含 0h/1h hs-cTn algorithm). Eur Heart J 2021;42(14):1289-1367. PMID: 32860058
  5. Rao SV, O’Donoghue ML, Ruel M, et al. 2025 ACC/AHA/ACEP/NAEMSP/SCAI Guideline for the Management of Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2025;85(22):2135-2237. PMID: 40013746
  6. Six AJ, Backus BE, Kelder JC. Chest pain in the emergency room: value of the HEART score. Neth Heart J 2008;16(6):191-6. PMID: 18665203
  7. Backus BE, Six AJ, Kelder JC, et al. A prospective validation of the HEART score for chest pain patients at the emergency department. Int J Cardiol 2013;168(3):2153-8. PMID: 23465250

其他相關指引(本篇未逐條引用、供延伸;PMID 待查證補入):2026 AHA/ACC Acute PE Guideline(Circulation; DOI 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001415,PMID 需查證);2024 ESC Peripheral Arterial and Aortic Diseases Guideline(含 acute aortic syndromes,PMID 需查證)。


最後更新:2026-06(補標準化 Key References 區、為症狀/AD LR 補 JAMA Rational Clinical Examination 來源 [PMID 9786377 / 11980527]、ESC 0h/1h 加 assay-specific 警語、補雙向 cross-link)

Footnotes

  1. Panju AA, et al. JAMA 1998;280:1256-63. PMID: 9786377(MI symptom/sign likelihood ratio 經典來源)。 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

  2. Klompas M. JAMA 2002;287:2262-72. PMID: 11980527(aortic dissection 病史/體檢/CXR 的 LR meta-analysis)。 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

  3. Collet JP, et al. Eur Heart J 2021;42:1289-1367. PMID: 32860058(2020 ESC NSTE-ACS,0h/1h hs-cTn algorithm 與各 assay cutoff)。 2 3

  4. Six AJ, Backus BE, Kelder JC. Neth Heart J 2008;16:191-6. PMID: 18665203(HEART score 原始推導)。

  5. Backus BE, et al. Int J Cardiol 2013;168:2153-8. PMID: 23465250(HEART score 多中心前瞻驗證;MACE 1.7%/16.6%/50.1%)。 2 3 4

  6. Gulati M, et al. Circulation 2021;144:e368-e454. PMID: 34709879(2021 AHA/ACC chest pain 評估指引)。 2