Coronary Angiography & PCI(冠脈造影與介入治療)
參考指引: 2025 ACC/AHA ACS Guideline・2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Coronary Revascularization Guideline・2023 AHA/ACC Chronic CAD Guideline・2021 AHA/ACC Chest Pain Guideline 更新日期: 2026-06-23
一、Coronary Angiography
適應症
急症(立即):
- STEMI(door-to-balloon ≤90 min)
- Shock
- NSTEMI/UA with hemodynamic instability、VT/VF、Killip III-IV
緊急(<24h):
- High-risk NSTEMI(hs-Troponin 顯著升高、ECG 動態變化、GRACE score 高)
擇期(Elective):
- Stable angina with significant ischemia on noninvasive testing
- Intermediate-to-high risk CAD on CCTA(CAD-RADS 4-5)
技術與 vascular access
Radial artery vs. Femoral artery:
| 比較 | Radial | Femoral |
|---|---|---|
| bleeding / vascular complication | ↓↓(顯著較低) | 較高 |
| 患者舒適度 | 較好(可直立活動) | bed rest 時間長 |
| 技術難度 | 較高(learning curve) | 較簡易 |
| CABG 後 | 受限(用過的 radial artery 不適合) | 首選 |
🌟 2025 ACC/AHA ACS Guideline:Radial approach Class I 建議(較 femoral 降低 bleeding/mortality)
bleeding rate 與 mortality rate 量化證據:
| Trial | 設計 / N | 關鍵結果 |
|---|---|---|
| MATRIX(Lancet 2015, ACS, N=8404) | Radial vs femoral | Net adverse clinical events ↓(9.8% vs 11.7%, RR 0.83, p=0.009),主要 driven by BARC major bleeding ↓(1.6% vs 2.3%, RR 0.67, p=0.013) 與 all-cause mortality ↓(1.6% vs 2.2%, RR 0.72, p=0.045) |
| RIVAL(Lancet 2011, ACS, N=7021) | Radial vs femoral | Primary composite 無顯著差異(HR 0.92, p=0.50),但 access-site complication 顯著↓:large hematoma(HR 0.40, p<0.0001)、pseudoaneurysm(HR 0.30, p=0.006);STEMI 與 high-volume operator center subgroup radial 有 benefit |
📝 整合解讀:radial 一致降低 access-site bleeding 與 vascular complication;在 ACS(尤其 STEMI、high-volume operator)可轉化為mortality 下降(MATRIX)。RIVAL 整體 composite 不顯著但同向,差異主要在 bleeding complication。→ 故現行 guideline 將 radial 列為 Class I 首選。
二、PCI 相關生理評估工具
FFR(Fractional Flow Reserve)
原理: adenosine 最大 hyperemia 條件下,distal stenosis pressure / aortic pressure 比值
切值:
- FFR ≤0.80 = functional ischemia → 建議 PCI
- FFR >0.80 = 不建議 PCI(DEFER trial:安全延遲)
臨床試驗:
- FAME trial:FFR-guided PCI → 減少不必要 stent placement,改善 1 年 MACE
- FAME-2 trial:FFR-guided PCI vs. optimal medical therapy → PCI 減少 urgent revascularization
ACS acute期 FFR 不可靠:microvascular dysfunction、vasospasm 使 FFR 值失準 → 改用 iFR 或 imaging(IVUS/OCT)
iFR(Instantaneous wave-free ratio):
- 無需 adenosine(non-hyperemic)→ 更簡便、無 adenosine 不適感(chest tightness、flushing)
- 切值:≤0.89 = functional ischemia(>0.89 → defer)
- DEFINE-FLAIR(NEJM 2017, N=4529)/ iFR-SWEDEHEART:iFR-guided 對 1 年 MACE 非劣於 FFR-guided(4 大 endpoint 等效),且減少 adenosine 用量、縮短手術時間。
📊 生理評估 cutoff 速記
工具 是否需 adenosine ischemia cutoff 一句話 FFR 需(maximal hyperemia) ≤0.80 → PCI;>0.80 → defer gold standard、最多 outcome 證據 iFR 不需 ≤0.89 → PCI;>0.89 → defer 與 FFR 等效、更快更舒適
IVUS(Intravascular Ultrasound)
特點:
- tissue penetration 深(~6 mm)→ 完整 vessel wall 可視化、適合heavy calcification、large vessel diameter或left main ostium lesion
- resolution 較低(~100-150 μm)
- 評估:lesion length、calcium burden、reference vessel 大小、minimal lumen area(MLA)
MLA 切值(functionally significant、可作為 deferring 或 stent sizing 參考):
- 非 left main:MLA <4.0 mm²(一般 cutoff;台灣/亞洲族群有研究用 <3.0 mm² 更貼合 FFR)
- left main:MLA <6.0 mm²(LM 截面較大,需較高 cutoff;介於 4.5–6.0 mm² 為 grey zone)
- MLA 是anatomic/imaging 替代指標,不等同 physiologic FFR;borderline lesion 仍以 FFR/iFR 為 functional 判定主力,IVUS 偏重指導 stent sizing 與 optimization。
Post-PCI IVUS 評估要點:
- stent expansion 充分
- 無 stent malapposition
- edge dissection
- minimal stent area(MSA)達標
2025 ACC/AHA ACS Guideline:IVUS or OCT Class I 建議用於指導 complex lesion PCI(left main、bifurcation、calcification、long lesion 等)
OCT(Optical Coherence Tomography)
特點:
- resolution 極高(10-20 μm,比 IVUS 高 10 倍)→ 看清 fibrous cap thickness、calcification、lipid core
- penetration depth 較淺(1-2 mm)
- 需以 normal saline 沖洗 coronary artery(清除 red blood cells)
適用場景(OCT 用途):
- ACS culprit morphology 鑑別:TCFA(thin-cap fibroatheroma)、plaque rupture vs plaque erosion、calcified nodule、SCAD(spontaneous coronary artery dissection)——OCT resolution 足以區分,影響治療策略(如 erosion 可考慮保守、SCAD 多保守不放 stent)
- Stent optimization:malapposition、edge dissection、tissue protrusion、stent coverage 追蹤(resolution 優於 IVUS)
- 局限:penetration 淺(1–2 mm)→ 不適合評估 ostial left main(沖洗不易、視野受限)與極大 vessel;需注射 contrast 沖血(CKD 病人注意 contrast 量)
📊 IVUS vs OCT 何時用何工具
情境 首選 理由 left main(尤其 ostium) IVUS penetration 深、不需沖serum視野 calcification 分層 / TCFA / SCAD / erosion vs rupture OCT resolution 高 10 倍 CKD / 限制 contrast IVUS OCT 需 contrast 沖洗 borderline stenosis 功能判定 FFR/iFR(非 imaging) imaging MLA 僅替代指標
imaging-guided PCI 的 outcome 證據:
- Stone 等 network meta-analysis(Lancet 2024,20 RCT, ~12,000 例):intravascular imaging(IVUS 或 OCT)guided DES implantation vs angiography-guided → target-lesion failure、cardiac death、stent thrombosis 顯著降低。→ 支撐 2025 ACS Guideline 對 complex lesion IVUS/OCT 的 Class I 建議。
三、PCI 技術重點
Stent 種類
| 種類 | 特點 |
|---|---|
| 現行 DES(contemporary DES) | 絕對主流。thin-strut(<81 μm)+ biodegradable polymer 或 polymer-free 為趨勢:strut 越薄 → endothelialization 越快、stent thrombosis 與 restenosis 越低;biodegradable polymer 在藥物釋放完成後降解,理論上降低 late inflammation/late thrombosis。藥物以 everolimus / zotarolimus / sirolimus(-limus 家族) 為主 |
| Bare-metal stent(BMS) | 幾乎已被取代;restenosis rate 高;現幾乎不用(過去理由「需縮短 DAPT」已被短-DAPT DES 策略取代) |
| Bioresorbable vascular scaffold(BVS) | 已大致退場。ABSORB 系列 RCT meta-analysis(Lancet 2017)顯示 2 年 device thrombosis(2.3% vs 0.7%, RR 3.35)與 target-vessel MI 顯著高於 metallic EES → Absorb 已停售;目前不建議常規使用 |
Complex PCI 技術
- Bifurcation lesion:provisional stenting(main branch)優於 two-stent strategy 多數情況
- CTO(Complete total occlusion):可達成的 complete revascularization;技術挑戰(antegrade/retrograde)
- Calcification:需 modification(cutting balloon、rotablation、IVL intravascular lithotripsy)才能 stent 展開
- Left main:IVUS/OCT 引導必要;PCI vs CABG 見下文
PCI vs. CABG 選擇(SYNTAX score 為基準)
| SYNTAX Score | 建議 |
|---|---|
| Low(≤22) | PCI 或 CABG 皆可(three-vessel disease) |
| Intermediate(23-32) | 需 heart team 個案化決定 |
| High(≥33) | CABG 優先(mortality/MACE 較低) |
Left main disease(LM):
- SYNTAX ≤22(low)+ 無 anatomic complexity → PCI 非劣於 CABG(EXCEL NEJM 2016 主結果;5 年 follow-up NEJM 2019 兩組 primary composite 接近,但解讀有爭議,spontaneous MI 在 PCI 組較多);NOBLE 則偏向 CABG。
- SYNTAX intermediate(23–32) → LM PCI 仍可考慮,需 heart team。
- complex anatomy / high SYNTAX → CABG 優先;IVUS-guided 為 LM PCI 必要。
Diabetes Mellitus + multivessel disease:
- FREEDOM trial(NEJM 2012):DM + multivessel CAD,CABG 明顯優於 PCI(5 年 death/MI/stroke 顯著降低,主要 driven by death 與 MI)→ 2021 revascularization guideline 仍給 CABG Class I(DM + multivessel,尤其有 LIMA-to-LAD 條件者)。
📝 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Revascularization Guideline 重點:
- 在 stable、preserved-EF 的 multivessel CAD(非 DM、非 left main),CABG 改善 survival 的證據被下修為 Class IIb(不再一律假設 CABG 延命)。
- Radial access Class I、multivessel STEMI complete revascularization Class I 在此版即已確立(2025 ACS 沿用強化)。
四、Complete Revascularization(完全vessel重建)
STEMI 時的 non-culprit vessel 處理
歷史演進:
- 過去:只處理 culprit vessel(complete revascularization 被認為危險)
- COMPLETE trial(NEJM 2019, N=4041):multivessel STEMI 成功處理 culprit 後,再做 non-culprit complete revascularization(分期或同住院)vs culprit-only → co-primary CV death + new MI 顯著降低(HR 0.74);CV death/MI/ischemia-driven revascularization 更顯著(HR 0.51)。complete revascularization 不論於同台或分期執行皆有益。
🌟 2025 ACC/AHA ACS Guideline:Complete revascularization Class I 建議(無論是否同台或分期)
執行時機(complete revascularization):
- 同台:可於 STEMI primary PCI 時一併處理
- 分期:住院期間或 45 天內處理
Chronic Total Occlusion(CTO)
- Complete revascularization 指引下可考慮 CTO PCI
- DECISION-CTO trial:CTO PCI vs optimal medical therapy → 無顯著差異(但 trial 有局限性)
五、Antithrombotic therapy(Periprocedural anticoagulation + DAPT)
Periprocedural anticoagulation(intraprocedural anticoagulation)
PCI 術中需 anticoagulation 防止 catheter/wire/stent thrombosis(與 DAPT antiplatelet 分開、互補):
| drug | 用法(成人,需依 body weight/renal function/ACT 調整) | 備註 |
|---|---|---|
| Unfractionated heparin(UFH) | 一般 70–100 U/kg bolus(合併 GPI 時 50–70 U/kg),目標 ACT ~250–300 sec(HemoTec) | 最常用、可用 protamine reverse |
| Bivalirudin | bolus 0.75 mg/kg + infusion 1.75 mg/kg/h | high bleeding risk 可考慮;需依 CrCl 減量 |
| Enoxaparin(LMWH) | 0.5 mg/kg IV(PCI 時) | |
| GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor(eptifibatide / tirofiban) | high thrombus burden / bailout 才加用 | bleeding risk↑,非常規 |
⚠️ 劑量為原則性整理,臨床須依當下 ACT、body weight、renal function、bleeding risk 與機構 protocol 調整,用前查 local protocol。
DAPT:ACS 後(STEMI / NSTEMI)
| drug | 劑量(loading → maintenance) | 重點 |
|---|---|---|
| Aspirin | loading 162–325 mg(chewed)→ maintenance 75–100 mg QD | lifelong |
| Ticagrelor(preferred) | loading 180 mg → 90 mg BID | PLATO(NEJM 2009):↓ CV death/MI/stroke 與 all-cause death(vs clopidogrel);reversibility、可能 dyspnea;DDI 避免 high-dose simvastatin |
| Prasugrel | loading 60 mg → 10 mg QD(body weight <60 kg 或 ≥75 歲:5 mg QD) | TRITON-TIMI 38(NEJM 2007):ischemia↓但 major bleeding↑;禁用於 prior stroke/TIA;多用於 known coronary anatomy、PCI 確定者 |
| Clopidogrel | loading 300–600 mg → 75 mg QD | high bleeding risk / 無法用上述兩者時;效果較弱、CYP2C19 polymorphism 影響 response |
DAPT 療程
- ACS 後預設 DAPT ≥12 個月(aspirin + P2Y12)。
- high bleeding risk(HBR) → 縮短:1–3 個月後可降為 P2Y12 monotherapy 或 aspirin monotherapy。
- high ischemic、low bleeding risk → 延長 >12 個月(如 ticagrelor 60 mg BID 長期;DAPT score ≥2 分傾向延長獲益)。
DAPT:Stable CAD(elective PCI)
- 現行 DES 後 DAPT 6 個月(aspirin + clopidogrel)為標準。
- HBR:可縮短至 1–3 個月後轉 single antiplatelet(多項 short-DAPT RCT 支持,thin-strut/biodegradable-polymer DES 使 faster early endothelialization)。
- 之後 aspirin(或 P2Y12 monotherapy)lifelong。
六、主要 PCI 試驗一覽
| 試驗 | 領域 | 重點 |
|---|---|---|
| FAME(NEJM 2009) | physiologic assessment | FFR-guided PCI 優於 angiography-guided(減少不必要 stent、↓MACE) |
| FAME-2(NEJM 2012) | physiologic assessment | FFR + PCI > medical therapy alone(urgent revascularization↓) |
| DEFINE-FLAIR(NEJM 2017) | physiologic assessment | iFR-guided 非劣於 FFR-guided(1 年 MACE) |
| imaging meta(Lancet 2024, Stone) | imaging | IVUS/OCT-guided DES ↓ target-lesion failure / stent thrombosis / cardiac death |
| COMPLETE(NEJM 2019) | complete revascularization | STEMI complete revascularization 優於 culprit-only(CV death+MI HR 0.74) |
| EXCEL(NEJM 2016 / 5yr 2019) | LM | left main(low-intermediate SYNTAX):PCI 非劣於 CABG |
| FREEDOM(NEJM 2012) | DM multivessel | diabetes multivessel:CABG > PCI |
| MATRIX(Lancet 2015) | access | ACS radial vs femoral:↓ bleeding 與 all-cause mortality |
| RIVAL(Lancet 2011) | access | radial ↓ access-site complication(composite 不顯著) |
| PLATO(NEJM 2009) | DAPT | Ticagrelor > clopidogrel(ACS) |
| TRITON-TIMI 38(NEJM 2007) | DAPT | Prasugrel ischemia↓bleeding↑(prior stroke 禁用) |
| ABSORB meta(Lancet 2017) | stent | BVS device thrombosis/MI 高於 metallic EES → BVS 退場 |
| ISCHEMIA(NEJM 2020) | strategy | stable CAD:invasive vs conservative 無差異(無 left main / moderate-severe ischemia) |
七、Clinical Pearls
- Radial access 優先(2025 Class I):降低 bleeding、縮短 hospital stay
- FFR >0.80 → 延遲 PCI(DEFER trial:安全,5 年 MACE 相近)
- ACS 時用 IVUS/OCT 代替 FFR:acute期 physiologic measurement 不可靠
- 2025 ACS Class I:IVUS or OCT 指導 complex PCI
- Complete revascularization 是新標準(2025 Class I for multivessel STEMI)
- Ticagrelor > clopidogrel in ACS(除非禁忌或 high bleeding risk)
- diabetes multivessel disease → 優先 CABG(FREEDOM trial)
- 高 SYNTAX score(≥33)→ CABG 優先;PCI 不建議
- PCI 後 statin + RAAS + BB(post-MI):標準 GDMT
🔗 相關筆記
- Acute Coronary Syndromes — STEMI/NSTEMI primary PCI 適應症、DAPT 起始
- Chronic Coronary Disease — stable CAD 之 revascularization 決策(ISCHEMIA)
- Noninvasive Evaluation of CAD — CCTA/ischemia testing 決定是否送 catheterization
- Chest Pain — chest pain workup 與 CAD-RADS
- Diabetes Mellitus — DM + multivessel 偏好 CABG(FREEDOM)
最後更新:2026-06-23(整合 Pocket Medicine 9th Ed. + 2025 ACC/AHA ACS / 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Revascularization Guideline + 關鍵 RCT)
Key References
Guidelines
- 2025 ACC/AHA/ACEP/NAEMSP/SCAI Guideline for the Management of Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes. Circulation 2025.(Radial Class I;Complete revascularization Class I;IVUS/OCT Class I)需查證 PMID
- 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization. Circulation 2022;145:e18–e114.(Radial / complete revasc Class I;stable multivessel preserved-EF CABG 存活益處下修 Class IIb)需查證 PMID
- 2023 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Chronic Coronary Disease. Circulation 2023.(FFR/iFR、IVUS、CTO role)需查證 PMID
Landmark trials / meta-analyses
- Tonino PAL, et al. Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding PCI (FAME). N Engl J Med 2009;360:213-224. PMID: 19144937. DOI
- Davies JE, et al. Use of the instantaneous wave-free ratio or fractional flow reserve in PCI (DEFINE-FLAIR). N Engl J Med 2017;376:1824-1834. PMID: 28317458. DOI
- Stone GW, et al. Intravascular imaging-guided coronary DES implantation: an updated network meta-analysis. Lancet 2024;403:824-837. PMID: 38401549. DOI
- Ali ZA, Serruys PW, Stone GW, et al. 2-year outcomes with the Absorb bioresorbable scaffold: meta-analysis of seven randomised trials. Lancet 2017;390:760-772. PMID: 28732815. DOI
- Stone GW, et al. Everolimus-eluting stents or bypass surgery for left main coronary disease (EXCEL). N Engl J Med 2016;375:2223-2235. PMID: 27797291. DOI;5-year follow-up: PMID: 31562798. DOI
- Farkouh ME, et al. Strategies for multivessel revascularization in patients with diabetes (FREEDOM). N Engl J Med 2012;367:2375-2384. PMID: 23121323. DOI
- Mehta SR, et al. Complete revascularization with multivessel PCI for myocardial infarction (COMPLETE). N Engl J Med 2019;381:1411-1421. PMID: 31475795. DOI
- Valgimigli M, et al. Radial versus femoral access in patients with ACS undergoing invasive management (MATRIX). Lancet 2015;385:2465-2476. PMID: 25791214. DOI
- Jolly SS, et al. Radial versus femoral access for coronary angiography and intervention in ACS (RIVAL). Lancet 2011;377:1409-1420. PMID: 21470671. DOI
- Wallentin L, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes (PLATO). N Engl J Med 2009;361:1045-1057. PMID: 19717846. DOI
- Wiviott SD, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes (TRITON-TIMI 38). N Engl J Med 2007;357:2001-2015. PMID: 17982182. DOI
- Maron DJ, et al. Initial invasive or conservative strategy for stable coronary disease (ISCHEMIA). N Engl J Med 2020;382:1395-1407. PMID: 32227755. DOI
引用之 trial 數據(PMID/DOI)均經 PubMed 查證。Guideline 之 PMID 標「需查證」。According to PubMed,上述 RCT/meta-analysis 之 DOI 連結見各條。
