Coronary Angiography & PCI(冠脈造影與介入治療)

參考指引: 2025 ACC/AHA ACS Guideline・2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Coronary Revascularization Guideline・2023 AHA/ACC Chronic CAD Guideline・2021 AHA/ACC Chest Pain Guideline 更新日期: 2026-06-23


一、Coronary Angiography

適應症

急症(立即):

  • STEMI(door-to-balloon ≤90 min)
  • Shock
  • NSTEMI/UA with hemodynamic instability、VT/VF、Killip III-IV

緊急(<24h):

  • High-risk NSTEMI(hs-Troponin 顯著升高、ECG 動態變化、GRACE score 高)

擇期(Elective):

  • Stable angina with significant ischemia on noninvasive testing
  • Intermediate-to-high risk CAD on CCTA(CAD-RADS 4-5)

技術與 vascular access

Radial artery vs. Femoral artery:

比較RadialFemoral
bleeding / vascular complication↓↓(顯著較低)較高
患者舒適度較好(可直立活動)bed rest 時間長
技術難度較高(learning curve)較簡易
CABG 後受限(用過的 radial artery 不適合)首選

🌟 2025 ACC/AHA ACS Guideline:Radial approach Class I 建議(較 femoral 降低 bleeding/mortality)

bleeding rate 與 mortality rate 量化證據:

Trial設計 / N關鍵結果
MATRIX(Lancet 2015, ACS, N=8404)Radial vs femoralNet adverse clinical events ↓(9.8% vs 11.7%, RR 0.83, p=0.009),主要 driven by BARC major bleeding ↓(1.6% vs 2.3%, RR 0.67, p=0.013)all-cause mortality ↓(1.6% vs 2.2%, RR 0.72, p=0.045)
RIVAL(Lancet 2011, ACS, N=7021)Radial vs femoralPrimary composite 無顯著差異(HR 0.92, p=0.50),但 access-site complication 顯著↓:large hematoma(HR 0.40, p<0.0001)、pseudoaneurysm(HR 0.30, p=0.006);STEMI 與 high-volume operator center subgroup radial 有 benefit

📝 整合解讀:radial 一致降低 access-site bleeding 與 vascular complication;在 ACS(尤其 STEMI、high-volume operator)可轉化為mortality 下降(MATRIX)。RIVAL 整體 composite 不顯著但同向,差異主要在 bleeding complication。→ 故現行 guideline 將 radial 列為 Class I 首選


二、PCI 相關生理評估工具

FFR(Fractional Flow Reserve)

原理: adenosine 最大 hyperemia 條件下,distal stenosis pressure / aortic pressure 比值

切值:

  • FFR ≤0.80 = functional ischemia → 建議 PCI
  • FFR >0.80 = 不建議 PCI(DEFER trial:安全延遲)

臨床試驗:

  • FAME trial:FFR-guided PCI → 減少不必要 stent placement,改善 1 年 MACE
  • FAME-2 trial:FFR-guided PCI vs. optimal medical therapy → PCI 減少 urgent revascularization

ACS acute期 FFR 不可靠:microvascular dysfunction、vasospasm 使 FFR 值失準 → 改用 iFR 或 imaging(IVUS/OCT)

iFR(Instantaneous wave-free ratio):

  • 無需 adenosine(non-hyperemic)→ 更簡便、無 adenosine 不適感(chest tightness、flushing)
  • 切值:≤0.89 = functional ischemia(>0.89 → defer)
  • DEFINE-FLAIR(NEJM 2017, N=4529)/ iFR-SWEDEHEART:iFR-guided 對 1 年 MACE 非劣於 FFR-guided(4 大 endpoint 等效),且減少 adenosine 用量、縮短手術時間。

📊 生理評估 cutoff 速記

工具是否需 adenosineischemia cutoff一句話
FFR需(maximal hyperemia)≤0.80 → PCI;>0.80 → defergold standard、最多 outcome 證據
iFR不需≤0.89 → PCI;>0.89 → defer與 FFR 等效、更快更舒適

IVUS(Intravascular Ultrasound)

特點:

  • tissue penetration 深(~6 mm)→ 完整 vessel wall 可視化、適合heavy calcification、large vessel diameterleft main ostium lesion
  • resolution 較低(~100-150 μm)
  • 評估:lesion length、calcium burden、reference vessel 大小、minimal lumen area(MLA)

MLA 切值(functionally significant、可作為 deferring 或 stent sizing 參考):

  • 非 left main:MLA <4.0 mm²(一般 cutoff;台灣/亞洲族群有研究用 <3.0 mm² 更貼合 FFR)
  • left main:MLA <6.0 mm²(LM 截面較大,需較高 cutoff;介於 4.5–6.0 mm² 為 grey zone)
  • MLA 是anatomic/imaging 替代指標,不等同 physiologic FFR;borderline lesion 仍以 FFR/iFR 為 functional 判定主力,IVUS 偏重指導 stent sizing 與 optimization

Post-PCI IVUS 評估要點:

  • stent expansion 充分
  • 無 stent malapposition
  • edge dissection
  • minimal stent area(MSA)達標

2025 ACC/AHA ACS Guideline:IVUS or OCT Class I 建議用於指導 complex lesion PCI(left main、bifurcation、calcification、long lesion 等)


OCT(Optical Coherence Tomography)

特點:

  • resolution 極高(10-20 μm,比 IVUS 高 10 倍)→ 看清 fibrous cap thickness、calcification、lipid core
  • penetration depth 較淺(1-2 mm)
  • 需以 normal saline 沖洗 coronary artery(清除 red blood cells)

適用場景(OCT 用途):

  • ACS culprit morphology 鑑別:TCFA(thin-cap fibroatheroma)、plaque rupture vs plaque erosion、calcified nodule、SCAD(spontaneous coronary artery dissection)——OCT resolution 足以區分,影響治療策略(如 erosion 可考慮保守、SCAD 多保守不放 stent)
  • Stent optimization:malapposition、edge dissection、tissue protrusion、stent coverage 追蹤(resolution 優於 IVUS)
  • 局限:penetration 淺(1–2 mm)→ 不適合評估 ostial left main(沖洗不易、視野受限)與極大 vessel;需注射 contrast 沖血(CKD 病人注意 contrast 量)

📊 IVUS vs OCT 何時用何工具

情境首選理由
left main(尤其 ostium)IVUSpenetration 深、不需沖serum視野
calcification 分層 / TCFA / SCAD / erosion vs ruptureOCTresolution 高 10 倍
CKD / 限制 contrastIVUSOCT 需 contrast 沖洗
borderline stenosis 功能判定FFR/iFR(非 imaging)imaging MLA 僅替代指標

imaging-guided PCI 的 outcome 證據:

  • Stone 等 network meta-analysis(Lancet 2024,20 RCT, ~12,000 例):intravascular imaging(IVUS 或 OCT)guided DES implantation vs angiography-guided → target-lesion failure、cardiac death、stent thrombosis 顯著降低。→ 支撐 2025 ACS Guideline 對 complex lesion IVUS/OCT 的 Class I 建議。

三、PCI 技術重點

Stent 種類

種類特點
現行 DES(contemporary DES)絕對主流thin-strut(<81 μm)+ biodegradable polymer 或 polymer-free 為趨勢:strut 越薄 → endothelialization 越快、stent thrombosis 與 restenosis 越低;biodegradable polymer 在藥物釋放完成後降解,理論上降低 late inflammation/late thrombosis。藥物以 everolimus / zotarolimus / sirolimus(-limus 家族) 為主
Bare-metal stent(BMS)幾乎已被取代;restenosis rate 高;現幾乎不用(過去理由「需縮短 DAPT」已被短-DAPT DES 策略取代)
Bioresorbable vascular scaffold(BVS)已大致退場。ABSORB 系列 RCT meta-analysis(Lancet 2017)顯示 2 年 device thrombosis(2.3% vs 0.7%, RR 3.35)與 target-vessel MI 顯著高於 metallic EES → Absorb 已停售;目前不建議常規使用

Complex PCI 技術

  • Bifurcation lesion:provisional stenting(main branch)優於 two-stent strategy 多數情況
  • CTO(Complete total occlusion):可達成的 complete revascularization;技術挑戰(antegrade/retrograde)
  • Calcification:需 modification(cutting balloon、rotablation、IVL intravascular lithotripsy)才能 stent 展開
  • Left main:IVUS/OCT 引導必要;PCI vs CABG 見下文

PCI vs. CABG 選擇(SYNTAX score 為基準)

SYNTAX Score建議
Low(≤22)PCI 或 CABG 皆可(three-vessel disease)
Intermediate(23-32)需 heart team 個案化決定
High(≥33)CABG 優先(mortality/MACE 較低)

Left main disease(LM):

  • SYNTAX ≤22(low)+ 無 anatomic complexity → PCI 非劣於 CABG(EXCEL NEJM 2016 主結果;5 年 follow-up NEJM 2019 兩組 primary composite 接近,但解讀有爭議,spontaneous MI 在 PCI 組較多);NOBLE 則偏向 CABG。
  • SYNTAX intermediate(23–32) → LM PCI 仍可考慮,需 heart team。
  • complex anatomy / high SYNTAXCABG 優先;IVUS-guided 為 LM PCI 必要。

Diabetes Mellitus + multivessel disease:

  • FREEDOM trial(NEJM 2012):DM + multivessel CAD,CABG 明顯優於 PCI(5 年 death/MI/stroke 顯著降低,主要 driven by death 與 MI)→ 2021 revascularization guideline 仍給 CABG Class I(DM + multivessel,尤其有 LIMA-to-LAD 條件者)

📝 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Revascularization Guideline 重點

  • stable、preserved-EF 的 multivessel CAD(非 DM、非 left main),CABG 改善 survival 的證據被下修為 Class IIb(不再一律假設 CABG 延命)。
  • Radial access Class Imultivessel STEMI complete revascularization Class I 在此版即已確立(2025 ACS 沿用強化)。

四、Complete Revascularization(完全vessel重建)

STEMI 時的 non-culprit vessel 處理

歷史演進:

  • 過去:只處理 culprit vessel(complete revascularization 被認為危險)
  • COMPLETE trial(NEJM 2019, N=4041):multivessel STEMI 成功處理 culprit 後,再做 non-culprit complete revascularization(分期或同住院)vs culprit-only → co-primary CV death + new MI 顯著降低(HR 0.74);CV death/MI/ischemia-driven revascularization 更顯著(HR 0.51)。complete revascularization 不論於同台或分期執行皆有益。

🌟 2025 ACC/AHA ACS Guideline:Complete revascularization Class I 建議(無論是否同台或分期)

執行時機(complete revascularization):

  • 同台:可於 STEMI primary PCI 時一併處理
  • 分期:住院期間或 45 天內處理

Chronic Total Occlusion(CTO)

  • Complete revascularization 指引下可考慮 CTO PCI
  • DECISION-CTO trial:CTO PCI vs optimal medical therapy → 無顯著差異(但 trial 有局限性)

五、Antithrombotic therapy(Periprocedural anticoagulation + DAPT)

Periprocedural anticoagulation(intraprocedural anticoagulation)

PCI 術中需 anticoagulation 防止 catheter/wire/stent thrombosis(與 DAPT antiplatelet 分開、互補):

drug用法(成人,需依 body weight/renal function/ACT 調整)備註
Unfractionated heparin(UFH)一般 70–100 U/kg bolus(合併 GPI 時 50–70 U/kg),目標 ACT ~250–300 sec(HemoTec)最常用、可用 protamine reverse
Bivalirudinbolus 0.75 mg/kg + infusion 1.75 mg/kg/hhigh bleeding risk 可考慮;需依 CrCl 減量
Enoxaparin(LMWH)0.5 mg/kg IV(PCI 時)
GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor(eptifibatide / tirofiban)high thrombus burden / bailout 才加用bleeding risk↑,非常規

⚠️ 劑量為原則性整理,臨床須依當下 ACT、body weight、renal function、bleeding risk 與機構 protocol 調整,用前查 local protocol

DAPT:ACS 後(STEMI / NSTEMI)

drug劑量(loading → maintenance)重點
Aspirinloading 162–325 mg(chewed)→ maintenance 75–100 mg QDlifelong
Ticagrelor(preferred)loading 180 mg90 mg BIDPLATO(NEJM 2009):↓ CV death/MI/stroke 與 all-cause death(vs clopidogrel);reversibility、可能 dyspnea;DDI 避免 high-dose simvastatin
Prasugrelloading 60 mg10 mg QD(body weight <60 kg 或 ≥75 歲:5 mg QD)TRITON-TIMI 38(NEJM 2007):ischemia↓但 major bleeding↑;禁用於 prior stroke/TIA;多用於 known coronary anatomy、PCI 確定者
Clopidogrelloading 300–600 mg75 mg QDhigh bleeding risk / 無法用上述兩者時;效果較弱、CYP2C19 polymorphism 影響 response

DAPT 療程

  • ACS 後預設 DAPT ≥12 個月(aspirin + P2Y12)。
  • high bleeding risk(HBR) → 縮短:1–3 個月後可降為 P2Y12 monotherapy 或 aspirin monotherapy。
  • high ischemic、low bleeding risk → 延長 >12 個月(如 ticagrelor 60 mg BID 長期;DAPT score ≥2 分傾向延長獲益)。

DAPT:Stable CAD(elective PCI)

  • 現行 DES 後 DAPT 6 個月(aspirin + clopidogrel)為標準。
  • HBR:可縮短至 1–3 個月後轉 single antiplatelet(多項 short-DAPT RCT 支持,thin-strut/biodegradable-polymer DES 使 faster early endothelialization)。
  • 之後 aspirin(或 P2Y12 monotherapy)lifelong

六、主要 PCI 試驗一覽

試驗領域重點
FAME(NEJM 2009)physiologic assessmentFFR-guided PCI 優於 angiography-guided(減少不必要 stent、↓MACE)
FAME-2(NEJM 2012)physiologic assessmentFFR + PCI > medical therapy alone(urgent revascularization↓)
DEFINE-FLAIR(NEJM 2017)physiologic assessmentiFR-guided 非劣於 FFR-guided(1 年 MACE)
imaging meta(Lancet 2024, Stone)imagingIVUS/OCT-guided DES ↓ target-lesion failure / stent thrombosis / cardiac death
COMPLETE(NEJM 2019)complete revascularizationSTEMI complete revascularization 優於 culprit-only(CV death+MI HR 0.74)
EXCEL(NEJM 2016 / 5yr 2019)LMleft main(low-intermediate SYNTAX):PCI 非劣於 CABG
FREEDOM(NEJM 2012)DM multivesseldiabetes multivessel:CABG > PCI
MATRIX(Lancet 2015)accessACS radial vs femoral:↓ bleeding 與 all-cause mortality
RIVAL(Lancet 2011)accessradial ↓ access-site complication(composite 不顯著)
PLATO(NEJM 2009)DAPTTicagrelor > clopidogrel(ACS)
TRITON-TIMI 38(NEJM 2007)DAPTPrasugrel ischemia↓bleeding↑(prior stroke 禁用)
ABSORB meta(Lancet 2017)stentBVS device thrombosis/MI 高於 metallic EES → BVS 退場
ISCHEMIA(NEJM 2020)strategystable CAD:invasive vs conservative 無差異(無 left main / moderate-severe ischemia)

七、Clinical Pearls

  • Radial access 優先(2025 Class I):降低 bleeding、縮短 hospital stay
  • FFR >0.80 → 延遲 PCI(DEFER trial:安全,5 年 MACE 相近)
  • ACS 時用 IVUS/OCT 代替 FFR:acute期 physiologic measurement 不可靠
  • 2025 ACS Class I:IVUS or OCT 指導 complex PCI
  • Complete revascularization 是新標準(2025 Class I for multivessel STEMI)
  • Ticagrelor > clopidogrel in ACS(除非禁忌或 high bleeding risk)
  • diabetes multivessel disease → 優先 CABG(FREEDOM trial)
  • 高 SYNTAX score(≥33)→ CABG 優先;PCI 不建議
  • PCI 後 statin + RAAS + BB(post-MI):標準 GDMT

🔗 相關筆記


最後更新:2026-06-23(整合 Pocket Medicine 9th Ed. + 2025 ACC/AHA ACS / 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Revascularization Guideline + 關鍵 RCT)

Key References

Guidelines

  • 2025 ACC/AHA/ACEP/NAEMSP/SCAI Guideline for the Management of Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes. Circulation 2025.(Radial Class I;Complete revascularization Class I;IVUS/OCT Class I)需查證 PMID
  • 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization. Circulation 2022;145:e18–e114.(Radial / complete revasc Class I;stable multivessel preserved-EF CABG 存活益處下修 Class IIb)需查證 PMID
  • 2023 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Chronic Coronary Disease. Circulation 2023.(FFR/iFR、IVUS、CTO role)需查證 PMID

Landmark trials / meta-analyses

  • Tonino PAL, et al. Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding PCI (FAME). N Engl J Med 2009;360:213-224. PMID: 19144937. DOI
  • Davies JE, et al. Use of the instantaneous wave-free ratio or fractional flow reserve in PCI (DEFINE-FLAIR). N Engl J Med 2017;376:1824-1834. PMID: 28317458. DOI
  • Stone GW, et al. Intravascular imaging-guided coronary DES implantation: an updated network meta-analysis. Lancet 2024;403:824-837. PMID: 38401549. DOI
  • Ali ZA, Serruys PW, Stone GW, et al. 2-year outcomes with the Absorb bioresorbable scaffold: meta-analysis of seven randomised trials. Lancet 2017;390:760-772. PMID: 28732815. DOI
  • Stone GW, et al. Everolimus-eluting stents or bypass surgery for left main coronary disease (EXCEL). N Engl J Med 2016;375:2223-2235. PMID: 27797291. DOI;5-year follow-up: PMID: 31562798. DOI
  • Farkouh ME, et al. Strategies for multivessel revascularization in patients with diabetes (FREEDOM). N Engl J Med 2012;367:2375-2384. PMID: 23121323. DOI
  • Mehta SR, et al. Complete revascularization with multivessel PCI for myocardial infarction (COMPLETE). N Engl J Med 2019;381:1411-1421. PMID: 31475795. DOI
  • Valgimigli M, et al. Radial versus femoral access in patients with ACS undergoing invasive management (MATRIX). Lancet 2015;385:2465-2476. PMID: 25791214. DOI
  • Jolly SS, et al. Radial versus femoral access for coronary angiography and intervention in ACS (RIVAL). Lancet 2011;377:1409-1420. PMID: 21470671. DOI
  • Wallentin L, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes (PLATO). N Engl J Med 2009;361:1045-1057. PMID: 19717846. DOI
  • Wiviott SD, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes (TRITON-TIMI 38). N Engl J Med 2007;357:2001-2015. PMID: 17982182. DOI
  • Maron DJ, et al. Initial invasive or conservative strategy for stable coronary disease (ISCHEMIA). N Engl J Med 2020;382:1395-1407. PMID: 32227755. DOI

引用之 trial 數據(PMID/DOI)均經 PubMed 查證。Guideline 之 PMID 標「需查證」。According to PubMed,上述 RCT/meta-analysis 之 DOI 連結見各條。