Acute Aortic Syndromes(acute主動脈症候群)
參考指引: 2022 ACC/AHA Aortic Disease Guideline・2024 ESC Peripheral Arterial & Aortic Diseases Guideline・EACTS/STS Guidelines 2024 更新日期: 2026-06
一、定義與分類
Acute Aortic Syndrome(AAS) 包含三種疾病:
| 疾病 | 特徵 |
|---|---|
| Aortic Dissection(主動脈剝離) | Intimal tear → 血流進入 false lumen → double-lumen aorta(最常見) |
| Intramural Hematoma(壁內血腫,IMH) | 無 intimal tear,但 medial hemorrhage(可能由 vasa vasorum rupture) |
| Penetrating Aortic Ulcer(穿透性主動脈ulcer,PAU) | Atherosclerotic plaque → 深入 media,局部 ulceration |
共同特徵: 突發 chest / back pain(最嚴重的一刻)、high mortality、多需急症處置
二、Aortic Dissection(主動脈剝離)
分類
Stanford Classification(最常用):
- Type A:累及 ascending aorta(含 arch)→ surgical emergency
- Type B:僅累及 descending aorta(Ligamentum arteriosum 以下)
DeBakey Classification:
- I型:ascending+descending(= Stanford A + B)
- II型:僅 ascending aorta(= Stanford A,局限)
- III型:僅 descending aorta(= Stanford B)
2024 ESC 新分類(TEM):
- T:Type(A / B)
- E:Entry tear 位置(ascending / arch / descending aorta)
- M:Malperfusion(有無 organ malperfusion)→ 影響預後和治療
Epidemiology & Risk Factors
- 年incidence:約 3-4/100,000
- 高峰:60-70 歲男性
- 危險因子:
- Hypertension(最常見,~70%)
- Bicuspid aortic valve(BAV)、Marfan syndrome、Loeys-Dietz
- 先前 aortic surgery(iatrogenic)
- trauma(deceleration injury,MVA)
- cocaine、methamphetamine(acute BP surge)
- pregnancy(third trimester)
臨床表現
典型:
- 突發、最嚴重的 tearing / ripping chest pain(立即達到最大強度)
- chest pain(Type A)→ back pain / flank pain(Type B 或延伸)
- 放射至 back(descending aorta 受累)
Physical exam:
- Inter-arm BP differential >20 mmHg(subclavian artery 受累)
- Pulse deficit(脈搏消失):診斷 specificity 高
- aortic regurgitation murmur(Type A 累及 aortic root)
- neurologic 症狀(carotid artery 受累 → stroke;spinal cord ischemia → paraplegia)
- hypotension(cardiac tamponade、aortic rupture)
ADD-RS(Aortic Dissection Detection Risk Score):
- 高危條件(各 1 分):
- 即刻最嚴重的 tearing / ripping pain
- pulse deficit 或 BP differential
- 已知 aortic aneurysm / aortic disease(含 Marfan)
- 0 分:Low risk → hs-D-dimer 輔助排除
- ≥1 分:CTA aorta(neck to pelvis)
Diagnosis
首選:CT Angiography(CTA from neck to pelvis)
- ECG-gated CTA:評估 ascending aorta、排除 ACS
- sensitivity 95-100%,specificity 98-100%
Chest X-ray:
- Mediastinal widening(>8 cm):sensitivity 約 60-70%,正常 CXR 不能排除 AD
- Pleural effusion(左側多)、calcium sign(calcified intima 向內移位)
ECG:
- 多數正常或非特異
- Type A dissection 累及 RCA ostia → 可見 inferior STEMI-like 改變
- 不能只憑 ECG 排除 AD!
Troponin:
- 通常輕微升高(RV strain 或 myocardial ischemia)
- 若高 → 懷疑 Type A AD + coronary artery 受累
Management
Type A Aortic Dissection(ascending aorta 受累)→ surgical emergency
- 立即 surgery(Class I):mortality 每小時增加 1-2%
- 術前管理(surgery 前等待期):
- Heart rate control:目標 HR 60-70 bpm(IV labetalol / esmolol)
- BP 控制:目標 SBP 100-120 mmHg
- analgesia(IV morphine / fentanyl)
- 避免 anticoagulants(除非 ECMO/cardiopulmonary bypass 需要)
- 若 hypotension → 考慮 cardiac tamponade → 不做 pericardiocentesis(drainage → BP 回升 → re-bleeding)→ 直接進 OR
Type B Aortic Dissection(僅 descending aorta)
Uncomplicated Type B(無 organ malperfusion):
- Medical therapy 優先(Class I):
- Heart rate control(β-blocker first-line:labetalol, metoprolol, esmolol)
- SBP 目標:100-120 mmHg
- Pain control
- 亞acute期(subacute,2-12 週):TEVAR 建議(2024 ESC IIa) → 促進 true lumen 擴大、false lumen thrombosis
Complicated Type B(有以下任一 = 急症):
- Organ malperfusion(mesenteric ischemia、renal ischemia、limb ischemia)
- Rapid expansion
- Refractory pain / hypertension
- Rupture / impending rupture → 緊急 TEVAR(Class I)(若 anatomy 可行)→ 降低 mortality
Type A vs. Type B 比較
| Type A | Type B | |
|---|---|---|
| 位置 | ascending aorta(含 arch) | descending aorta |
| 治療 | 緊急 surgery | medical ±TEVAR |
| 不治療 mortality | ~1-2%/小時 | 相對較低(uncomplicated) |
| 主要死因 | cardiac tamponade、AR、aortic rupture、coronary artery 受累 | organ malperfusion、rupture |
三、Intramural Hematoma(IMH,壁內血腫)
特徵
- 無 intimal tear,medial hemorrhage(vasa vasorum rupture)
- CT:Crescent-shaped hyperdense area within aortic wall(無 enhancement)
- 可進展為:hematoma resorption / 升級為 dissection / PAU 形成
Management
- Type A IMH:surgery(同 Type A Dissection)
- Type B IMH:
- BP / heart rate control(同 Type B Dissection)
- 小(<1 cm 厚)+ asymptomatic:保守觀察
- 進展(thickening、合併 PAU)→ TEVAR
四、Penetrating Aortic Ulcer(PAU,穿透性主動脈ulcer)
特徵
- Atherosclerotic ulcer 穿透 intima → media
- 多見於老年、hypertension、重度 atherosclerosis 患者
- descending aorta(Type B 型態)最多見
- CT:Contrast-filled outpouching from aortic lumen into wall
Management
- 有症狀(pain、rupture 風險)→ TEVAR
- 無症狀、小:密切 imaging 監測
- 高 rupture 風險(>2 cm 深度、直徑大、快速進展)→ TEVAR
五、Malperfusion Syndrome
定義: aortic dissection 的 false lumen 壓迫 true lumen → branch vessel 供應受損
| 受累器官 | 表現 |
|---|---|
| Bowel(mesenteric ischemia) | abdominal pain、lactate↑、bowel necrosis |
| Kidney | oliguria、creatinine 升高、hypertension 惡化 |
| Spinal cord | paraplegia 或 lower-limb weakness |
| Limb | pulse deficit、pallor、pain |
| Coronary | STEMI-like(RCA > LCA 受累) |
| Intracranial(brain) | Stroke |
Malperfusion = 緊急 TEVAR 或 surgery(不論 Type A or B)
六、術後監測(Post-repair Follow-up)
Open repair(Type A):
- CTA 術後 1 個月、6 個月、每年
TEVAR(Type B):
- CTA 術後 1 個月、12 個月,穩定後每年
- 評估:true lumen 擴大、false lumen thrombosis、endoleak、stent migration
長期 pharmacotherapy(所有 AAS 患者):
- β-blocker(heart rate control,目標 HR <60-70 bpm)
- ARB(Marfan syndrome 特別推薦)
- 嚴格 BP control <130/80 mmHg
七、Clinical Pearls
- Aortic dissection 的首要危機是時間:Type A 每小時 mortality 1-2%,立即 surgery
- Inter-arm BP 差異 >20 mmHg 是高度 specific 的 physical exam finding
- 正常 CXR 不能排除 AD:25-40% 的 AD CXR 正常
- Type A + hypotension:懷疑 cardiac tamponade → 不做 pericardiocentesis(→ surgery)
- ECG inferior STEMI + 懷疑 AD:先做 CTA 確認再決定 coronary angiography(避免 fibrinolysis 誤用)
- TEVAR 改變 Type B 的治療格局:Complicated Type B mortality 從 30-40%(open surgery)降至 10-20%
- Malperfusion = 急症:mesenteric ischemia、spinal cord ischemia 需立即處置
- Marfan syndrome + pregnancy:aortic dissection 風險在 third trimester 最高;baseline ascending aorta >4.0 cm 考慮 preoperative repair 後再懷孕
- 2022 ACC/AHA「降低 surgical threshold」概念:在具 Multidisciplinary Aortic Team 的中心,sporadic ascending aortic aneurysm surgical threshold 可由 5.5 cm 降至 5.0 cm(selected patients, Class IIa);身形特別矮小/高大者可用 height-indexed diameter 或 cross-sectional area/height 比值決定 → 等同把更多潛在 dissection 病人提前 surgery 預防(詳見 Aortic Aneurysms)
最後更新:2026-06-15(整合 Pocket Medicine 9th Ed. + 2022 ACC/AHA Aortic Disease Guideline)
References
| 來源 | 年份 | 重點 |
|---|---|---|
| 2022 ACC/AHA Guideline for Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease(Circulation). PMID: 36322642 | 2022 | 完整分類、管理、手術門檻(5.0 cm at experienced center) |
| 2024 ESC Guideline for Management of Peripheral Arterial and Aortic Diseases(Eur Heart J) | 2024 | TEM 分類、TEVAR 建議更新 |
| EACTS/STS Aortic Guidelines(Ann Thorac Surg 2024) | 2024 | 手術技術、malperfusion 處理 |
| ADSORB trial(Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2014) | 2014 | 早期 TEVAR vs 保守(uncomplicated Type B) |
| IRAD(International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection) | ongoing | 流行病學、結果 |
