Acute Aortic Syndromes(acute主動脈症候群)

參考指引: 2022 ACC/AHA Aortic Disease Guideline・2024 ESC Peripheral Arterial & Aortic Diseases Guideline・EACTS/STS Guidelines 2024 更新日期: 2026-06


一、定義與分類

Acute Aortic Syndrome(AAS) 包含三種疾病:

疾病特徵
Aortic Dissection(主動脈剝離)Intimal tear → 血流進入 false lumen → double-lumen aorta(最常見)
Intramural Hematoma(壁內血腫,IMH)無 intimal tear,但 medial hemorrhage(可能由 vasa vasorum rupture)
Penetrating Aortic Ulcer(穿透性主動脈ulcer,PAU)Atherosclerotic plaque → 深入 media,局部 ulceration

共同特徵: 突發 chest / back pain(最嚴重的一刻)、high mortality、多需急症處置


二、Aortic Dissection(主動脈剝離)

分類

Stanford Classification(最常用):

  • Type A:累及 ascending aorta(含 arch)→ surgical emergency
  • Type B:僅累及 descending aorta(Ligamentum arteriosum 以下)

DeBakey Classification:

  • I型:ascending+descending(= Stanford A + B)
  • II型:僅 ascending aorta(= Stanford A,局限)
  • III型:僅 descending aorta(= Stanford B)

2024 ESC 新分類(TEM):

  • T:Type(A / B)
  • E:Entry tear 位置(ascending / arch / descending aorta)
  • M:Malperfusion(有無 organ malperfusion)→ 影響預後和治療

Epidemiology & Risk Factors

  • 年incidence:約 3-4/100,000
  • 高峰:60-70 歲男性
  • 危險因子:
    • Hypertension(最常見,~70%)
    • Bicuspid aortic valve(BAV)、Marfan syndrome、Loeys-Dietz
    • 先前 aortic surgery(iatrogenic)
    • trauma(deceleration injury,MVA)
    • cocaine、methamphetamine(acute BP surge)
    • pregnancy(third trimester)

臨床表現

典型:

  • 突發、最嚴重的 tearing / ripping chest pain(立即達到最大強度)
  • chest pain(Type A)→ back pain / flank pain(Type B 或延伸)
  • 放射至 back(descending aorta 受累)

Physical exam:

  • Inter-arm BP differential >20 mmHg(subclavian artery 受累)
  • Pulse deficit(脈搏消失):診斷 specificity 高
  • aortic regurgitation murmur(Type A 累及 aortic root)
  • neurologic 症狀(carotid artery 受累 → stroke;spinal cord ischemia → paraplegia)
  • hypotension(cardiac tamponade、aortic rupture)

ADD-RS(Aortic Dissection Detection Risk Score):

  • 高危條件(各 1 分):
    • 即刻最嚴重的 tearing / ripping pain
    • pulse deficit 或 BP differential
    • 已知 aortic aneurysm / aortic disease(含 Marfan)
  • 0 分:Low risk → hs-D-dimer 輔助排除
  • ≥1 分:CTA aorta(neck to pelvis)

Diagnosis

首選:CT Angiography(CTA from neck to pelvis)

  • ECG-gated CTA:評估 ascending aorta、排除 ACS
  • sensitivity 95-100%,specificity 98-100%

Chest X-ray:

  • Mediastinal widening(>8 cm):sensitivity 約 60-70%,正常 CXR 不能排除 AD
  • Pleural effusion(左側多)、calcium sign(calcified intima 向內移位)

ECG:

  • 多數正常或非特異
  • Type A dissection 累及 RCA ostia → 可見 inferior STEMI-like 改變
  • 不能只憑 ECG 排除 AD!

Troponin:

  • 通常輕微升高(RV strain 或 myocardial ischemia)
  • 若高 → 懷疑 Type A AD + coronary artery 受累

Management

Type A Aortic Dissection(ascending aorta 受累)→ surgical emergency

  • 立即 surgery(Class I):mortality 每小時增加 1-2%
  • 術前管理(surgery 前等待期):
    • Heart rate control:目標 HR 60-70 bpm(IV labetalol / esmolol)
    • BP 控制:目標 SBP 100-120 mmHg
    • analgesia(IV morphine / fentanyl)
    • 避免 anticoagulants(除非 ECMO/cardiopulmonary bypass 需要)
    • 若 hypotension → 考慮 cardiac tamponade → 不做 pericardiocentesis(drainage → BP 回升 → re-bleeding)→ 直接進 OR

Type B Aortic Dissection(僅 descending aorta)

Uncomplicated Type B(無 organ malperfusion):

  • Medical therapy 優先(Class I)
    • Heart rate control(β-blocker first-line:labetalol, metoprolol, esmolol)
    • SBP 目標:100-120 mmHg
    • Pain control
  • 亞acute期(subacute,2-12 週):TEVAR 建議(2024 ESC IIa) → 促進 true lumen 擴大、false lumen thrombosis

Complicated Type B(有以下任一 = 急症):

  • Organ malperfusion(mesenteric ischemia、renal ischemia、limb ischemia)
  • Rapid expansion
  • Refractory pain / hypertension
  • Rupture / impending rupture → 緊急 TEVAR(Class I)(若 anatomy 可行)→ 降低 mortality

Type A vs. Type B 比較

Type AType B
位置ascending aorta(含 arch)descending aorta
治療緊急 surgerymedical ±TEVAR
不治療 mortality~1-2%/小時相對較低(uncomplicated)
主要死因cardiac tamponade、AR、aortic rupture、coronary artery 受累organ malperfusion、rupture

三、Intramural Hematoma(IMH,壁內血腫)

特徵

  • 無 intimal tear,medial hemorrhage(vasa vasorum rupture)
  • CT:Crescent-shaped hyperdense area within aortic wall(無 enhancement)
  • 可進展為:hematoma resorption / 升級為 dissection / PAU 形成

Management

  • Type A IMH:surgery(同 Type A Dissection)
  • Type B IMH
    • BP / heart rate control(同 Type B Dissection)
    • 小(<1 cm 厚)+ asymptomatic:保守觀察
    • 進展(thickening、合併 PAU)→ TEVAR

四、Penetrating Aortic Ulcer(PAU,穿透性主動脈ulcer)

特徵

  • Atherosclerotic ulcer 穿透 intima → media
  • 多見於老年、hypertension、重度 atherosclerosis 患者
  • descending aorta(Type B 型態)最多見
  • CT:Contrast-filled outpouching from aortic lumen into wall

Management

  • 有症狀(pain、rupture 風險)→ TEVAR
  • 無症狀、小:密切 imaging 監測
  • 高 rupture 風險(>2 cm 深度、直徑大、快速進展)→ TEVAR

五、Malperfusion Syndrome

定義: aortic dissection 的 false lumen 壓迫 true lumen → branch vessel 供應受損

受累器官表現
Bowel(mesenteric ischemia)abdominal pain、lactate↑、bowel necrosis
Kidneyoliguria、creatinine 升高、hypertension 惡化
Spinal cordparaplegia 或 lower-limb weakness
Limbpulse deficit、pallor、pain
CoronarySTEMI-like(RCA > LCA 受累)
Intracranial(brain)Stroke

Malperfusion = 緊急 TEVAR 或 surgery(不論 Type A or B)


六、術後監測(Post-repair Follow-up)

Open repair(Type A):

  • CTA 術後 1 個月、6 個月、每年

TEVAR(Type B):

  • CTA 術後 1 個月、12 個月,穩定後每年
  • 評估:true lumen 擴大、false lumen thrombosis、endoleak、stent migration

長期 pharmacotherapy(所有 AAS 患者):

  • β-blocker(heart rate control,目標 HR <60-70 bpm)
  • ARB(Marfan syndrome 特別推薦)
  • 嚴格 BP control <130/80 mmHg

七、Clinical Pearls

  • Aortic dissection 的首要危機是時間:Type A 每小時 mortality 1-2%,立即 surgery
  • Inter-arm BP 差異 >20 mmHg 是高度 specific 的 physical exam finding
  • 正常 CXR 不能排除 AD:25-40% 的 AD CXR 正常
  • Type A + hypotension:懷疑 cardiac tamponade → 不做 pericardiocentesis(→ surgery)
  • ECG inferior STEMI + 懷疑 AD:先做 CTA 確認再決定 coronary angiography(避免 fibrinolysis 誤用)
  • TEVAR 改變 Type B 的治療格局:Complicated Type B mortality 從 30-40%(open surgery)降至 10-20%
  • Malperfusion = 急症:mesenteric ischemia、spinal cord ischemia 需立即處置
  • Marfan syndrome + pregnancy:aortic dissection 風險在 third trimester 最高;baseline ascending aorta >4.0 cm 考慮 preoperative repair 後再懷孕
  • 2022 ACC/AHA「降低 surgical threshold」概念:在具 Multidisciplinary Aortic Team 的中心,sporadic ascending aortic aneurysm surgical threshold 可由 5.5 cm 降至 5.0 cm(selected patients, Class IIa);身形特別矮小/高大者可用 height-indexed diameter 或 cross-sectional area/height 比值決定 → 等同把更多潛在 dissection 病人提前 surgery 預防(詳見 Aortic Aneurysms


最後更新:2026-06-15(整合 Pocket Medicine 9th Ed. + 2022 ACC/AHA Aortic Disease Guideline)

References

來源年份重點
2022 ACC/AHA Guideline for Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease(Circulation). PMID: 363226422022完整分類、管理、手術門檻(5.0 cm at experienced center)
2024 ESC Guideline for Management of Peripheral Arterial and Aortic Diseases(Eur Heart J)2024TEM 分類、TEVAR 建議更新
EACTS/STS Aortic Guidelines(Ann Thorac Surg 2024)2024手術技術、malperfusion 處理
ADSORB trial(Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2014)2014早期 TEVAR vs 保守(uncomplicated Type B)
IRAD(International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection)ongoing流行病學、結果