PA Catheter and Tailored Therapy(肺動脈導管與個體化治療)

更新日期: 2026-04


一、Pulmonary Artery Catheter(Swan-Ganz Catheter)簡介

**PA catheter(PAC)**為 right heart catheterization 工具,可測量:

  • Right atrial pressure(RAP)≈ CVP
  • Right ventricular pressure(RVP)
  • Pulmonary artery pressure(PAP)
  • Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure(PCWP) ≈ Left atrial pressure ≈ LVEDP
  • Cardiac output(CO):Thermodilution 法
  • Mixed venous oxygen saturation(SvO₂)

二、正常值與計算

ParameterNormal value
RAP(CVP)0-8 mmHg
RV systolic / diastolic15-30 / 0-8 mmHg
PA systolic / diastolic15-30 / 4-12 mmHg
PCWP(PAWP)6-12 mmHg
CO4-8 L/min
CI(Cardiac Index)2.2-4.0 L/min/m²
SVR(Systemic vascular resistance)800-1200 dyn·s·cm⁻⁵
PVR(Pulmonary vascular resistance)<200-250 dyn·s·cm⁻⁵
SvO₂60-75%

Formulas:

  • CI = CO / BSA
  • SVR = [(MAP - CVP) / CO] × 80
  • PVR = [(mPAP - PCWP) / CO] × 80
  • Fick equation:CO = VO₂ / [Hb × 1.34 × (SaO₂ - SvO₂) × 10]

三、Hemodynamic Profiles(血流動力學剖面分析)

臨床上最重要的應用:區分 shock 的 type

ProfilePCWPCO/CISVRClinical
Normal6-12NormalNormalnormal
Cardiogenic↑(>18)↑↑HF(wet & cold)
Distributive(septic)Normal / ↓↑↑↓↓Sepsis & Shock(warm & wet)
Hypovolemic↑↑hemorrhage、volume deficit
Obstructive(PE/tamponade)Normal / ↓↑↑PE、cardiac tamponade

Advanced HF Hemodynamic Profiles(Nohria-Stevenson):

Dry(PCWP normal)Wet(PCWP ↑)
Warm(CI normal)Warm & Dry(A)Warm & Wet(B)→ 最常見
Cold(CI ↓)Cold & Dry(L)Cold & Wet(C)→ 最差預後
  • Warm & Wet(B):Diuresis(furosemide)優先
  • Cold & Wet(C):需 vasopressors + inotropes + diuresis;可能需 MCS
  • Cold & Dry(L):謹慎補液,可能是 RV failure

四、PAC 在臨床的 indications

Class I(recommended):

  • Cardiogenic shock:評估 hemodynamics,指導 vasopressor/inotrope/MCS 使用
  • Refractory / Advanced HF:tailored therapy(individualized)
  • Pulmonary hypertension 評估:確診 PH、vasoreactivity testing(sildenafil / prostacyclin test)
  • Heart transplant 前評估(PCWP、PVR 評估)
  • Unexplained dyspnea:區分 cardiac vs. pulmonary

Controversial(ESCAPE trial 2005 重要):

  • ESCAPE trial:acute decompensated HF(ADHF)中,PAC 指導 vs. clinical assessment → 無顯著 prognostic 差異
  • 結論:PAC 不改善 ADHF 的 overall prognosis,但在 high-risk 患者(cardiogenic shock、refractory HF)有助於管理

五、Tailored Therapy(個體化血流動力學治療)

Advanced HF 的治療目標

Hemodynamic goals(Tailored):

  • PCWP:≤15 mmHg(decongestion 目標)
  • CI:≥2.2 L/min/m²(minimum acceptable)
  • MAP:60-90 mmHg
  • SVR:800-1200 dyn·s·cm⁻⁵

治療選擇根據 Hemodynamic Profile

Warm & Wet(PCWP↑,CI normal):

  • IV furosemide(first-line diuretic)
  • 目標:PCWP ≤15 mmHg,daily urine output 1-2 L
  • 可加用 metolazone(thiazide synergy)

Cold & Wet(PCWP↑,CI↓):

  • Inotropes(dobutamine 首選,milrinone):提升 CO
  • Vasopressin / vasopressors(若 hypotension,MAP <65)
  • IV diuretics 同時去除effusion
  • 若無效 → mechanical circulatory support(MCS)

Cold & Dry(PCWP normal/low,CI↓):

  • 小心 fluid 補充(若有 low PCWP)
  • Inotropes + vasopressors
  • 懷疑 RV failure(RV-dominant profile)

六、Inotropes & Vasopressors(升壓與強心藥)

DrugMechanismMain effectIndication
Dobutamineβ1 agonist↑CO,↓SVR(輕微)Cardiogenic shock、low output
MilrinonePDE-3 inhibitor↑CO,↓PVR & SVRHF + ↑PVR(RV failure)、HF + β-blocker
Norepinephrineα1 + β1 agonist↑MAP,↑SVRSeptic shock(first-line)、distributive
VasopressinV1 receptor↑SVR,no HR effect加上 NE 作 catecholamine-sparing
Epinephrineα + β agonist↑CO + ↑SVRAnaphylaxis、cardiac arrest
DopamineDose-dependent<3μg: renal;3-10μg: β1;>10μg: α1目前較少用(較多 adverse effects)

Milrinone 在 cardiogenic shock 合併 HoTN 要小心:也有 vasodilation 效果 → 可加重 hypotension


七、Mechanical Circulatory Support(MCS)

IABP(Intra-aortic balloon pump)

  • Mechanism:diastolic augmentation(舒張末期升壓)+ systolic unloading
  • 目前:IABP-SHOCK II trial(2012)→ 不改善 cardiogenic shock mortality
  • 2025 ACS 指引:不再建議常規使用 IABP for STEMI + cardiogenic shock

Impella(Microaxial flow pump)

  • Mechanism:aorta → LV 引血(unloading)+ continuous output
  • Effect:↑CO、↓PCWP、↓LVEDP
  • 🌟 DanGer Shock trial(NEJM 2024;PMID 38587239):STEMI 合併 cardiogenic shock 者,routine Impella CP + standard care vs standard care → 180 天 all-cause mortality 顯著下降(45.8% vs 58.5%,HR 0.74,P=0.04)。這是首個證實 Impella 在 AMI-CS improve survival 的 RCT
  • ⚠️ 代價:Impella 組complications 明顯增加(severe bleeding、limb ischemia、hemolysis、device failure、AR 惡化;複合安全終點 24.0% vs 6.2%),且需要 renal-replacement therapy 比例較高(41.9% vs 26.7%)→ 須慎選病人、嚴密監測。

ECMO(Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation)

  • VA-ECMO:cardiogenic shock / refractory VF VT → full circulatory support
  • Disadvantage:↑afterload(LV distension),常需加裝 Impella(ECpella strategy)

八、PA Catheter 的 SvO₂ 監測意義

SvO₂Meaning
60-75%normal
>75%↑CO(sepsis early)、left→right shunt(VSD / ASD 確認)
<60%↓CO、Anemia、↑O₂ consumption(shivering、fever)
<40%severe low output,tissue hypoxia

Left-to-right shunt 診斷(Oximetry Run):

  • 在 RA、RV、PA 逐段取血測 O₂ saturation(sequential sampling)
  • 若 saturation 在某段顯著「step-up(階梯式升高)」→ 找到 shunt 位置
    • RA step-up → ASD
    • RV step-up → VSD
    • PA step-up → PDA

九、PAC 置放技術要點

Route: Internal jugular(最常用)或 subclavian → RA → RV → PA → wedge position(inflated balloon)

Pressure waveform confirmation(依序):

  1. CVP waveform(RA):a、c、v waves
  2. RV waveform:high systolic pressure,low diastolic pressure
  3. PA waveform:high systolic pressure,high diastolic pressure(區別 RV)
  4. PCWP waveform(wedge):a、v waves,low pressure

Common errors / complications:

  • PA rupture(最嚴重,罕見):balloon over-inflation
  • pulmonary infarction(wedge 位置過久)
  • Knotting
  • RBBB(通過 RV 時)→ 若合併 LBBB → complete AV block
  • Kaposi’s sign(PCWP 大於 PAD):abnormal;balloon over-wedged 或 catheter 位置太遠

十、Clinical Pearls

  • Warm & Wet(B profile)是 ADHF 最常見型態:aggressive diuresis 是關鍵
  • Cold & Wet(C profile)worst prognosis:需 inotropes + cautious diuresis,考慮 MCS
  • PCWP ≥18 mmHg = Pulmonary edema threshold(但chronic HF 患者可能耐受更高)
  • SvO₂ acute drop:先想 CO drop 或 anemia,再想 O₂ delivery 問題
  • ESCAPE trial:PAC 不改善 ADHF overall prognosis,但不等於 PAC 無用(cardiogenic shock 仍需要)
  • Milrinone vs Dobutamine:Milrinone 更有效降 PVR(RV failure 首選);Dobutamine 在 renal impairment 時更安全(不需 renal metabolism)
  • Impella 在 AMI-CS improve survival(DanGer Shock 2024):STEMI cardiogenic shock 中 routine Impella CP 降低 180 天 mortality,但 complications(bleeding、limb ischemia、需 RRT)明顯增加 → 不是「裝越多越好」,要 weigh risk/benefit;IABP-SHOCK II 已奠定 IABP 在 AMI-CS 不常規使用
  • PA perforation 是最嚴重的 PAC complication:立即 deflate balloon、emergency 處置


最後更新:2026-06-15(整合 Pocket Medicine 9th Ed. + DanGer Shock 2024)

References

SourceYearKey point
ESCAPE trial(JAMA 2005)2005PAC 不改善 ADHF prognosis
IABP-SHOCK II(NEJM 2012)2012IABP 不改善 cardiogenic shock mortality
DanGer Shock — Microaxial Flow Pump in Infarct-Related Cardiogenic Shock(N Engl J Med 2024). PMID: 385872392024Impella CP 降低 STEMI-CS 180 天 mortality(HR 0.74),但 complications 增加
2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA HF Guideline2022Hemodynamic monitoring 建議
2025 ACS ACC/AHA Guideline2025MCS 建議更新(IABP 不再 Class I)