PA Catheter and Tailored Therapy(肺動脈導管與個體化治療)
更新日期: 2026-04
一、Pulmonary Artery Catheter(Swan-Ganz Catheter)簡介
**PA catheter(PAC)**為 right heart catheterization 工具,可測量:
- Right atrial pressure(RAP)≈ CVP
- Right ventricular pressure(RVP)
- Pulmonary artery pressure(PAP)
- Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure(PCWP) ≈ Left atrial pressure ≈ LVEDP
- Cardiac output(CO):Thermodilution 法
- Mixed venous oxygen saturation(SvO₂)
二、正常值與計算
| Parameter | Normal value |
|---|---|
| RAP(CVP) | 0-8 mmHg |
| RV systolic / diastolic | 15-30 / 0-8 mmHg |
| PA systolic / diastolic | 15-30 / 4-12 mmHg |
| PCWP(PAWP) | 6-12 mmHg |
| CO | 4-8 L/min |
| CI(Cardiac Index) | 2.2-4.0 L/min/m² |
| SVR(Systemic vascular resistance) | 800-1200 dyn·s·cm⁻⁵ |
| PVR(Pulmonary vascular resistance) | <200-250 dyn·s·cm⁻⁵ |
| SvO₂ | 60-75% |
Formulas:
- CI = CO / BSA
- SVR = [(MAP - CVP) / CO] × 80
- PVR = [(mPAP - PCWP) / CO] × 80
- Fick equation:CO = VO₂ / [Hb × 1.34 × (SaO₂ - SvO₂) × 10]
三、Hemodynamic Profiles(血流動力學剖面分析)
臨床上最重要的應用:區分 shock 的 type
| Profile | PCWP | CO/CI | SVR | Clinical |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | 6-12 | Normal | Normal | normal |
| Cardiogenic | ↑(>18) | ↓ | ↑↑ | HF(wet & cold) |
| Distributive(septic) | Normal / ↓ | ↑↑ | ↓↓ | Sepsis & Shock(warm & wet) |
| Hypovolemic | ↓ | ↓ | ↑↑ | hemorrhage、volume deficit |
| Obstructive(PE/tamponade) | Normal / ↓ | ↓ | ↑↑ | PE、cardiac tamponade |
Advanced HF Hemodynamic Profiles(Nohria-Stevenson):
| Dry(PCWP normal) | Wet(PCWP ↑) | |
|---|---|---|
| Warm(CI normal) | Warm & Dry(A) | Warm & Wet(B)→ 最常見 |
| Cold(CI ↓) | Cold & Dry(L) | Cold & Wet(C)→ 最差預後 |
- Warm & Wet(B):Diuresis(furosemide)優先
- Cold & Wet(C):需 vasopressors + inotropes + diuresis;可能需 MCS
- Cold & Dry(L):謹慎補液,可能是 RV failure
四、PAC 在臨床的 indications
Class I(recommended):
- Cardiogenic shock:評估 hemodynamics,指導 vasopressor/inotrope/MCS 使用
- Refractory / Advanced HF:tailored therapy(individualized)
- Pulmonary hypertension 評估:確診 PH、vasoreactivity testing(sildenafil / prostacyclin test)
- Heart transplant 前評估(PCWP、PVR 評估)
- Unexplained dyspnea:區分 cardiac vs. pulmonary
Controversial(ESCAPE trial 2005 重要):
- ESCAPE trial:acute decompensated HF(ADHF)中,PAC 指導 vs. clinical assessment → 無顯著 prognostic 差異
- 結論:PAC 不改善 ADHF 的 overall prognosis,但在 high-risk 患者(cardiogenic shock、refractory HF)有助於管理
五、Tailored Therapy(個體化血流動力學治療)
Advanced HF 的治療目標
Hemodynamic goals(Tailored):
- PCWP:≤15 mmHg(decongestion 目標)
- CI:≥2.2 L/min/m²(minimum acceptable)
- MAP:60-90 mmHg
- SVR:800-1200 dyn·s·cm⁻⁵
治療選擇根據 Hemodynamic Profile
Warm & Wet(PCWP↑,CI normal):
- IV furosemide(first-line diuretic)
- 目標:PCWP ≤15 mmHg,daily urine output 1-2 L
- 可加用 metolazone(thiazide synergy)
Cold & Wet(PCWP↑,CI↓):
- Inotropes(dobutamine 首選,milrinone):提升 CO
- Vasopressin / vasopressors(若 hypotension,MAP <65)
- IV diuretics 同時去除effusion
- 若無效 → mechanical circulatory support(MCS)
Cold & Dry(PCWP normal/low,CI↓):
- 小心 fluid 補充(若有 low PCWP)
- Inotropes + vasopressors
- 懷疑 RV failure(RV-dominant profile)
六、Inotropes & Vasopressors(升壓與強心藥)
| Drug | Mechanism | Main effect | Indication |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dobutamine | β1 agonist | ↑CO,↓SVR(輕微) | Cardiogenic shock、low output |
| Milrinone | PDE-3 inhibitor | ↑CO,↓PVR & SVR | HF + ↑PVR(RV failure)、HF + β-blocker |
| Norepinephrine | α1 + β1 agonist | ↑MAP,↑SVR | Septic shock(first-line)、distributive |
| Vasopressin | V1 receptor | ↑SVR,no HR effect | 加上 NE 作 catecholamine-sparing |
| Epinephrine | α + β agonist | ↑CO + ↑SVR | Anaphylaxis、cardiac arrest |
| Dopamine | Dose-dependent | <3μg: renal;3-10μg: β1;>10μg: α1 | 目前較少用(較多 adverse effects) |
Milrinone 在 cardiogenic shock 合併 HoTN 要小心:也有 vasodilation 效果 → 可加重 hypotension
七、Mechanical Circulatory Support(MCS)
IABP(Intra-aortic balloon pump)
- Mechanism:diastolic augmentation(舒張末期升壓)+ systolic unloading
- 目前:IABP-SHOCK II trial(2012)→ 不改善 cardiogenic shock mortality
- 2025 ACS 指引:不再建議常規使用 IABP for STEMI + cardiogenic shock
Impella(Microaxial flow pump)
- Mechanism:aorta → LV 引血(unloading)+ continuous output
- Effect:↑CO、↓PCWP、↓LVEDP
- 🌟 DanGer Shock trial(NEJM 2024;PMID 38587239):STEMI 合併 cardiogenic shock 者,routine Impella CP + standard care vs standard care → 180 天 all-cause mortality 顯著下降(45.8% vs 58.5%,HR 0.74,P=0.04)。這是首個證實 Impella 在 AMI-CS improve survival 的 RCT。
- ⚠️ 代價:Impella 組complications 明顯增加(severe bleeding、limb ischemia、hemolysis、device failure、AR 惡化;複合安全終點 24.0% vs 6.2%),且需要 renal-replacement therapy 比例較高(41.9% vs 26.7%)→ 須慎選病人、嚴密監測。
ECMO(Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation)
- VA-ECMO:cardiogenic shock / refractory VF VT → full circulatory support
- Disadvantage:↑afterload(LV distension),常需加裝 Impella(ECpella strategy)
八、PA Catheter 的 SvO₂ 監測意義
| SvO₂ | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 60-75% | normal |
| >75% | ↑CO(sepsis early)、left→right shunt(VSD / ASD 確認) |
| <60% | ↓CO、Anemia、↑O₂ consumption(shivering、fever) |
| <40% | severe low output,tissue hypoxia |
Left-to-right shunt 診斷(Oximetry Run):
- 在 RA、RV、PA 逐段取血測 O₂ saturation(sequential sampling)
- 若 saturation 在某段顯著「step-up(階梯式升高)」→ 找到 shunt 位置
- RA step-up → ASD
- RV step-up → VSD
- PA step-up → PDA
九、PAC 置放技術要點
Route: Internal jugular(最常用)或 subclavian → RA → RV → PA → wedge position(inflated balloon)
Pressure waveform confirmation(依序):
- CVP waveform(RA):a、c、v waves
- RV waveform:high systolic pressure,low diastolic pressure
- PA waveform:high systolic pressure,high diastolic pressure(區別 RV)
- PCWP waveform(wedge):a、v waves,low pressure
Common errors / complications:
- PA rupture(最嚴重,罕見):balloon over-inflation
- pulmonary infarction(wedge 位置過久)
- Knotting
- RBBB(通過 RV 時)→ 若合併 LBBB → complete AV block
- Kaposi’s sign(PCWP 大於 PAD):abnormal;balloon over-wedged 或 catheter 位置太遠
十、Clinical Pearls
- Warm & Wet(B profile)是 ADHF 最常見型態:aggressive diuresis 是關鍵
- Cold & Wet(C profile)worst prognosis:需 inotropes + cautious diuresis,考慮 MCS
- PCWP ≥18 mmHg = Pulmonary edema threshold(但chronic HF 患者可能耐受更高)
- SvO₂ acute drop:先想 CO drop 或 anemia,再想 O₂ delivery 問題
- ESCAPE trial:PAC 不改善 ADHF overall prognosis,但不等於 PAC 無用(cardiogenic shock 仍需要)
- Milrinone vs Dobutamine:Milrinone 更有效降 PVR(RV failure 首選);Dobutamine 在 renal impairment 時更安全(不需 renal metabolism)
- Impella 在 AMI-CS improve survival(DanGer Shock 2024):STEMI cardiogenic shock 中 routine Impella CP 降低 180 天 mortality,但 complications(bleeding、limb ischemia、需 RRT)明顯增加 → 不是「裝越多越好」,要 weigh risk/benefit;IABP-SHOCK II 已奠定 IABP 在 AMI-CS 不常規使用
- PA perforation 是最嚴重的 PAC complication:立即 deflate balloon、emergency 處置
最後更新:2026-06-15(整合 Pocket Medicine 9th Ed. + DanGer Shock 2024)
References
| Source | Year | Key point |
|---|---|---|
| ESCAPE trial(JAMA 2005) | 2005 | PAC 不改善 ADHF prognosis |
| IABP-SHOCK II(NEJM 2012) | 2012 | IABP 不改善 cardiogenic shock mortality |
| DanGer Shock — Microaxial Flow Pump in Infarct-Related Cardiogenic Shock(N Engl J Med 2024). PMID: 38587239 | 2024 | Impella CP 降低 STEMI-CS 180 天 mortality(HR 0.74),但 complications 增加 |
| 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA HF Guideline | 2022 | Hemodynamic monitoring 建議 |
| 2025 ACS ACC/AHA Guideline | 2025 | MCS 建議更新(IABP 不再 Class I) |
