🔍 Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions & Drug Eruptions — Clinical Overview
⚡ 資料更新至:2026(整合 EuroSCAR / RegiSCAR、UpToDate 2026、Hama 2025、Shah 2024;考試導向並補充臨床實用框架)
drug eruption 從輕微的 morbilliform(麻疹樣)疹到致命的 severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR) 皆有。內專考點集中在 嚴重 drug eruption 的辨識(時程 / morphology / 系統侵犯)與處置原則,以及與 infectious exanthem(HSV-EM、varicella)的鑑別。共通第一步永遠是 找出並停用可疑藥物。
一、辨識的兩把尺:時程 + morphology
| 反應 | 潛伏期(首次用藥) | 關鍵 morphology / 系統 |
|---|---|---|
| Morbilliform(最常見、benign) | 4–14 天 | 對稱 maculopapular rash、輕度 pruritus、無系統侵犯 |
| SJS / TEN | 4–28 天 | mucosal erosion + painful erythema + epidermal detachment、Nikolsky (+) |
| DRESS | 2–8 週(較晚) | facial edema 疹、eosinophil↑、內臟(liver 最常)、HHV-6 再活化 |
| AGEP | 數小時–數天(快) | acute 廣泛的non-follicular 小 pustules、fever、neutrophil↑ |
警示「嚴重 drug eruption(SCAR)」徵象:mucosal 侵犯、Nikolsky 徵象、blister/epidermal detachment、臉腫+lymphadenopathy+eosinophilia+hepatitis → 立即停藥、住院。
二、Stevens-Johnson Syndrome / Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis(SJS/TEN)
2.1 Clinical recognition、時程與 classification
- 典型時程:成人約 >80% 與 medication 有關,常於新藥後 4–28 days 發生;部分可延至 8 weeks。先出現 fever、malaise、upper respiratory symptoms,之後快速進展為 skin pain、dusky erythema、atypical targetoid lesions、blister、epidermal detachment。(Lee, UpToDate 2026;Shah et al. 2024)
- Red flags:unexplained skin pain、rapidly progressive extensive rash、mucositis、Nikolsky sign、systemic deterioration。Nikolsky sign 可支持 epidermal fragility,但不具 specificity。
- Mucosal disease:>90% 有 mucosal involvement,常侵犯 ≥2 sites(oral、ocular、genital);acute ocular severity 與 chronic ocular sequelae 密切相關。
- Natural course:progressive phase 常約 7–9 days;若無重大 complication,re-epithelialization 約需 7–21 days。sepsis / bacteremia 是主要 mortality driver。
- Prognosis:mortality 隨 detachment BSA 上升——SJS 相對低,TEN 明顯較高(見上方 Japanese cohort 10–30% ≈18%、≥30% ≈39.8%);acute 死因以 sepsis、multiorgan failure 為主,故 detachment 面積 + SCORTEN 是 early risk stratification 的核心。
- Conventional international classification(依 detached + detachable BSA):SJS <10%、SJS/TEN overlap 10–30%、TEN >30%。BSA 只計已 detachment 或可誘發 detachment 的 skin,不計單純 erythema。
Classification source conflict:Niigata criteria 不是現行國際共識
Hama et al. 2025 提議以 SJS <10%、TEN ≥10% 取代 overlap category,並以 mucosal/skin findings、fever ≥38.5°C、histopathology 作 main items;這是 Japanese Niigata criteria 的研究提案,尚未取代 conventional consensus。臨床溝通與內專考試仍使用 <10 / 10–30 / >30%。 其立論依據:一個 Japanese epidemiological study 顯示 detachment 10–30% 與 ≥30% 的 mortality 分別約 18.0% 與 39.8%,兩者無 statistically significant difference,故主張把 overlap 併入 TEN。(Hama et al. 2025)
原文 clinical spectrum(UpToDate 2026;SJS1.pdf,Pictures 1A / 1C / 2 / 3,PDF pp.26–32)
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Niigata diagnostic criteria(Hama et al., BJD 2025, Table 1;SJS3.pdf,PDF p.6)
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2.2 Culprit drugs、host factors 與 pharmacogenetics
- High-risk drugs:sulfonamide antibiotics、allopurinol、aromatic anticonvulsants(carbamazepine、phenytoin、phenobarbital、lamotrigine)、oxicam NSAIDs、nevirapine;vancomycin 等亦可造成 SJS/TEN。culprit drug 多在 onset 前 1 week–1 month 開始使用。
- Host factors:older age、female sex、HIV、connective tissue disease、malignancy 與較高 risk 相關;overall incidence 約 5–6 cases/million/year。
- Pharmacogenetics:最重要且與 Taiwan practice 直接相關者為 carbamazepine–HLA-B*15:02、allopurinol–HLA-B*58:01。其他 association 具 drug-與 ancestry-specific heterogeneity,不宜把單一族群結果外推至所有 population。
Culprit drugs(UpToDate 2026;SJS1.pdf,Table 2,PDF p.24)
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Pharmacogenetic associations across populations(UpToDate 2026;SJS1.pdf,Table 1,PDF p.21)
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HLA–drug–ethnicity summary(Shah et al., AJCD 2024, Table 1;SJS4.pdf,PDF pp.3–4)
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2.3 Pathogenesis:drug-specific cytotoxic response 與 regulated cell death
Drug antigen recognition 可由 hapten/prohapten、pharmacologic interaction(p-i)或 altered peptide repertoire 模型解釋。HLA-restricted、drug-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells / NK cells 釋放 granulysin、perforin/granzyme、FasL 與 TNF,造成 widespread keratinocyte death。除 apoptosis 外,近年資料亦支持 necroptosis(Annexin A1–FPR1 → RIP1/RIP3/MLKL)、NETosis 與 downstream inflammatory amplification;這些仍主要是 mechanistic / investigational evidence,不能直接等同 established bedside target。(Hama et al. 2025;Shah et al. 2024)
Cell-death pathways(Hama et al., BJD 2025, Fig. 3;SJS3.pdf,PDF p.7)
/drug-eruptions/assets/sjs-bjd-cell-death-pathways-20260715-01.png)
Pathogenesis and proposed therapeutic targets(Shah et al., AJCD 2024, Fig. 1;SJS4.pdf,PDF p.5)
/drug-eruptions/assets/sjs-ajcd-pathogenesis-treatment-targets-20260715-01.jpg)
2.4 Diagnosis、histopathology 與 differential diagnosis
- SJS/TEN 是 clinicopathologic diagnosis。疑似個案應做 lesional skin biopsy:典型為 full-thickness keratinocyte necrosis、subepidermal separation、sparse dermal inflammation;direct immunofluorescence 通常 negative,可協助排除 autoimmune blistering disease。
- Granulysin 早期 assay 在單一研究曾報 sensitivity 80%、specificity 95.7%,但尚未廣泛 validation,亦非 routine diagnostic test。
- 重要 mimics 包括 erythema multiforme major、RIME、generalized bullous fixed drug eruption、DRESS、AGEP、staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome、TEN-like lupus、paraneoplastic pemphigus、linear IgA bullous dermatosis、acute graft-versus-host disease。文獻顯示初始疑似 SJS/TEN 病例有相當比例最終被 reclassified,因此 morphology、time course、histology 與 alternative causes 必須一起判讀。
Clinical + histopathology(Hama et al., BJD 2025, Fig. 1;SJS3.pdf,PDF p.4)
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Differential histopathology(Hama et al., BJD 2025, Fig. 2;SJS3.pdf,PDF p.5)
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Key clinical manifestations(Shah et al., AJCD 2024, Fig. 2;SJS4.pdf,PDF p.6)
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Expanded differential table(Shah et al., AJCD 2024, Table 2;SJS4.pdf,PDF pp.8–9)
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SCAR differential overview(UpToDate 2026;SJS1.pdf,PDF p.42)
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2.5 Culprit attribution 與 severity assessment
- ALDEN 是 medication causality 的標準 structured algorithm;逐一評估每個 drug 的 latency、index day 是否仍在體內、previous exposure、dechallenge、drug notoriety 與 alternative cause。不可做 intentional rechallenge。
- Patch testing sensitivity 低且 drug-dependent;intradermal testing 一般不建議。LTT / ELISpot 多屬 specialized or research use。
- SCORTEN 應在 day 1 評估並於 day 3 重算。七項各 1 point:age >40 years、malignancy、heart rate >120/min、initial epidermal detachment >10% BSA、serum urea >10 mmol/L、serum glucose >14 mmol/L、serum bicarbonate <20 mmol/L。它是 mortality estimate,不取代 serial clinical assessment。
- CRISTEN 是 Hama et al. 提出的 10-item clinical-only score,development AUC 0.88、multinational validation(含 France / Germany / Canada)AUC 0.83;risk items 包含 age >65 years、BSA involvement ≥10%、antibiotics 作為 culprit drug、prior systemic corticosteroid、mucosal involvement 與 renal impairment / diabetes 等 comorbidity。優點是不需 laboratory data,適合 resource-limited setting;當 lab 不完整時可作 adjunct,但目前不應取代 SCORTEN。Re-SCORTEN 可參考;ABCD-10 的 performance 較差。
ALDEN(UpToDate 2026;SJS1.pdf,Table 3,PDF pp.34–35)
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Lund–Browder BSA chart(UpToDate 2026;SJS2.pdf,PDF p.45)
/drug-eruptions/assets/sjs-uptodate-lund-browder-20260715-01.png)
SCORTEN variables(UpToDate 2026;SJS2.pdf,PDF p.46)
/drug-eruptions/assets/sjs-uptodate-scorten-20260715-01.png)
Observed vs predicted survival by SCORTEN(UpToDate 2026;SJS2.pdf,PDF p.47)
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2.6 Acute management
- Immediately stop culprit and all nonessential drugs;完整記錄 medication timeline,避免因等待 confirmatory test 延誤停藥。
- Early transfer / escalation:若 epidermal detachment ≥10%、rapid progression、organ deterioration 或需要 complex wound/airway care,轉入有 dermatology、critical care / burn、ophthalmology 與 multidisciplinary support 的 center。
- Supportive care is the cornerstone:
- daily BSA、skin、oral、ocular、genital、respiratory assessment;fluid/electrolyte、temperature、nutrition、analgesia、VTE prophylaxis 與 pressure-area care。
- wound care 可採 conservative 或 surgical approach,尚無單一 universal protocol;避免不必要 skin trauma 與 adhesive devices。
- surveillance cultures 可依 center protocol;不 routine 使用 prophylactic systemic antibiotics,只在 suspected / confirmed infection 時治療。
- respiratory involvement 需提早評估 airway;若 facial / airway lesions 明顯,noninvasive ventilation 可能加劇 trauma,須個案化判斷。
- Ophthalmology is urgent, not optional:admission 時立即 consult,acute phase daily examination。severe ocular surface disease 應考慮 early intensive topical therapy 與 amniotic membrane transplantation,以降低 symblepharon、keratinization 與 visual loss。
- Genitourinary care:daily examination、pain control 與 barrier / anti-adhesion strategy;必要時 gynecology / urology 介入,預防 stenosis、synechiae 與 sexual/urinary dysfunction。
2.7 Systemic therapy:證據如何解讀
尚無 established universal pharmacologic standard
所有研究都受 rare disease、selection bias、treatment timing 與 supportive-care heterogeneity 限制。systemic therapy 應由 experienced multidisciplinary team 依 disease trajectory、contraindication 與 center protocol 決定;不能延誤 culprit withdrawal 與 supportive care。
- Cyclosporine:observational studies / meta-analyses 顯示可能降低 mortality 或加快 stabilization,但亦有 neutral cohort;須考慮 AKI、hypertension、infection 與 renal dosing。
- Etanercept:limited trial / cohort data 顯示可能縮短 re-epithelialization,signal promising 但 certainty 仍低。
- Systemic corticosteroids:effect on mortality 不一致;early short-course 或 pulse regimens 在部分 cohorts 有 benefit signal,但 infection / GI bleeding 等 harm 必須權衡,不能宣稱 late corticosteroid 已有充分實證。
- IVIG:monotherapy 尚未清楚改善 survival;注意 renal failure、thrombosis、volume load。IVIG + corticosteroid 可能有 signal,但 evidence 仍不確定。
- Thalidomide:randomized trial 顯示 excess mortality,do not use。
- Plasmapheresis:evidence insufficient;anti-FasL(PC111)、FPR1 antagonists、JAK/STAT inhibitors、daratumumab 等屬 investigational approaches,非 routine care。
Review 中所列 systemic treatment regimens(Shah et al., AJCD 2024, Table 3;SJS4.pdf,PDF p.11)
此表是 review 彙整之 reported regimens,不代表 universal protocol;dose、duration、contraindication 與 organ-function adjustment 必須依現行 guideline、center protocol 與 specialist judgment 核對。
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2.8 Long-term sequelae 與 secondary prevention
- Survivors 需主動追蹤 ocular、cutaneous、oral/dental、genitourinary、pulmonary、ENT、GI、chronic pain、fatigue、sexual health 與 psychiatric sequelae。ocular complications 可包括 dry eye、symblepharon、lid dysfunction、corneal keratinization / neovascularization 與 visual impairment;pulmonary scar 可表現為 bronchiolitis obliterans 或 bronchiectasis。
- acute discharge 前完成 culprit / cross-reactive drug avoidance plan:提供 allergy card、更新 EMR allergy、鼓勵 medical alert identification,並清楚告知不要自行 rechallenge。
- follow-up 應包含 ophthalmology、dermatology、primary care,依症狀加入 gynecology/urology、pulmonology、dentistry、pain / rehabilitation 與 mental-health care;可用 PHQ-9、GAD-7、PC-PTSD 等工具 screen psychiatric burden。
Long-term complications(Shah et al., AJCD 2024, Table 4;SJS4.pdf,PDF p.12)
/drug-eruptions/assets/sjs-ajcd-long-term-complications-20260715-01.png)
三、DRESS(Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms)
- 臨床辨識:用藥後 2–8 週(較其他 drug eruption 晚,非 7–10 天)→ fever、facial edematous 廣泛 rash、lymphadenopathy、hepatomegaly。
- 實驗室 / 系統:eosinophilia(>700/µL)或 atypical lymphocytes;內臟受侵,liver 最常見;不同藥好發器官不同——allopurinol 易 kidney、minocycline 常 lung。
- viral reactivation:HHV-6 為標誌,亦見 EBV、HHV-7、CMV 序列性再活化(與病程遷延/復發相關)。
- 致病藥:anticonvulsant(carbamazepine、phenytoin、lamotrigine、phenobarbital)、allopurinol、sulfonamide(TMP-SMX、sulfasalazine、dapsone)、minocycline、vancomycin。
- 必做檢查(確診核心):CBC + differential(抓 eosinophil/atypical lymphocytes)+ liver chemistry(評 hepatitis)。lymph node biopsy/skin biopsy/IgE 非必需(DRESS 為 delayed-type T-cell 反應,非 IgE 媒介)。
- 診斷工具:RegiSCAR 計分(fever、lymphadenopathy、eosinophil↑、atypical lymphocytes、rash>50% BSA、內臟侵犯、病程≥15 天、排除其他病因)。
- 處置:立即停藥 + 支持治療;內臟受侵用 systemic corticosteroid(prednisone 0.5–1 mg/kg/day 緩慢減量)。
- 長期追蹤後遺症:數月後可出現autoimmune thyroiditis(最常見)與type 1 diabetes mellitus,須持續追蹤。
四、infection 相關 exanthem(需與 drug eruption 鑑別的考點)
Erythema multiforme(多形性紅斑,EM)
- 臨床辨識:對稱、acral 為主(手足背、四肢伸側)之典型 target 病灶(≥3 個同心圈、中央暗紅/blister),常伴口唇 mucosa。
- 最常見誘因 = HSV(尤 HSV-1):典型在 herpes labialis 復發後 3–14 天出現 target 疹(herpes-associated EM);其次 Mycoplasma(兒童)、drug。
- 與 SJS/TEN 區別:EM 多為post-infection、典型 targets、trunk 受侵少、預後好;SJS/TEN 多為drug、atypical targets/廣泛剝離、預後差。
- 治療:多自限、對症;反覆 herpes-associated EM 可用 acyclovir/valacyclovir 長期抑制性治療預防復發。
Varicella(水痘)
- 臨床辨識:fever + face 與 trunk(centripetal、軀幹多)vesicular rash,papule/vesicle/pustule/crust 多期病灶同時並存(crops)。
- 傳染與處置:airborne + contact precautions,直到所有病灶結痂;成人/孕婦/immunocompromised/醫護有併發症與 pneumonia 風險,需隔離與高風險族群 antiviral。鑑別 SJS(mucosa+剝離)、rubella(細小 maculopapular rash+postauricular lymphadenopathy)、miliaria/sudamina(無高熱)。
🎯 內專考點
🎯 內專考點(104 年)
- DRESS 確診兩項立即檢查:dapsone 用藥 25 天後 fever+lymphadenopathy+rash、無 mucosal ulcer → DRESS(dapsone 為經典致病藥,與 HLA-B*13:01 相關);最該立即做 CBC(含 differential)+ liver function test(抓 eosinophil/atypical lymphocytes+hepatitis)。lymph node/skin biopsy、MAST/prick、patch test 皆非 acute 確診工具。 ﹝考 104-196﹞
🎯 內專考點(105 年)
- 突發廣泛紅疹、日曬加重 → 先問近 2 週新用藥:drug eruption 潛伏期多在新藥後 4–14 天,診斷第一步是揪出近期新加藥物(含光敏藥:doxycycline、sulfonamide、thiazide、fluoroquinolone、NSAID、voriconazole)。CBC/liver function 屬嚴重度評估、photo-patch test 須 acute 期後做,皆非首選。 ﹝考 105-198﹞
🎯 內專考點(106 年)
- herpes labialis + 手掌 target 疹 = HSV 誘發之 EM:target 病灶為 EM 標誌,最常見誘因 HSV(非 parvovirus B19/GAS/VZV/S. aureus)。 ﹝考 106-197﹞
🎯 內專考點(107 年)
- DRESS 必做檢查 = CBC + liver chemistry:TMP-SMX 用藥 3 週後全身疹+臉腫+fever+lymphadenopathy+hepatomegaly → DRESS;必查血液(eosinophil/atypical lymphocytes)與 liver。lymph node biopsy/skin biopsy/IgE 非必須。 ﹝考 107-194﹞
🎯 內專考點(108 年)
- 多期 vesicles(crops)+ fever = varicella:papule/vesicle/pustule/crust 同時存在、trunk 密集為水痘特徵;與 SJS(mucosa+epidermal detachment)、rubella、sudamina、PLEVA 鑑別。 ﹝考 108-197﹞
🎯 內專考點(113 年)
- DRESS 特徵找錯誤:潛伏期長 2–8 週(非 7–10 天,後者為一般 morbilliform 疹/SJS 時程);其餘(fever+lymphadenopathy+全身疹、allopurinol→kidney/minocycline→lung、HHV-6/EBV 再活化、緩解後追蹤 autoimmune thyroiditis/DM)皆正確。 ﹝考 113-156﹞
- SJS/TEN 敘述找錯誤組合:錯誤者為 ①allopurinol/carbamazepine/phenytoin 屬「低風險」(實為高風險,有 HLA 關聯)②TEN 需 >70%(實為epidermal detachment >30%)③晚期 corticosteroid 實證充足(實為爭議)。sulfonamide 為常見致 SJS 藥、TEN 重點為停藥+支持療法則正確。 ﹝考 113-159﹞
🔗 相關筆記
- Allergic Diseases(drug allergy / urticaria / anaphylaxis 機轉)
- Urticaria & Angioedema(藥物引起 urticaria / vascular edema)
- Skin Infections(HSV/VZV viral exanthem 之鑑別)
📚 Key References
- Mockenhaupt M, et al. SJS/TEN: assessment of medication risks (EuroSCAR). J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128(1):35-44. PMID: 17805350.
- Schneider JA, Cohen PR. SJS and TEN: A Concise Review. Adv Ther. 2017;34(6):1235-1244. PMID: 28439852.
- Brüggen MC, et al. Supportive care in TEN/SJS: international expert consensus. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2021;16(1):394. PMID: 34538291.
- Kardaun SH, et al. DRESS: RegiSCAR study. Br J Dermatol. 2013;169(5):1071-1080. PMID: 23855313.
- Cardones AR. DRESS syndrome. Clin Dermatol. 2020;38(6):702-711. PMID: 33341202.
- Sokumbi O, Wetter DA. Erythema multiforme: a review. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51(8):889-902. PMID: 22788803.
- Lee HY. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis. UpToDate. Updated 2026-02-16; literature current through 2026-06. Accessed 2026-07-15. Topic.
- Lee HY. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: Management, prognosis, and long-term sequelae. UpToDate. Updated 2026-03-26; literature current through 2026-06. Accessed 2026-07-15. Topic.
- Hama N, et al. Recent progress in Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis: diagnostic criteria, pathogenesis and treatment. Br J Dermatol. 2025;192(1):9-18. PMID: 39141587. DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljae321.
- Shah H, et al. Update on Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: Diagnosis and Management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2024;25(6):891-908. PMID: 39278968. DOI: 10.1007/s40257-024-00889-6.
⚠️ 本筆記為考試導向之臨床重點整理,僅供學習;臨床決策請依最新指引與個案判斷。劑量/禁忌如有疑義以原廠仿單與現行指引為準。
