Cystic Fibrosis(囊狀fibrosis)
參考指引: CFF(Cystic Fibrosis Foundation)Guidelines・ERS/ECFS CF Standards of Care;CFTR modulator pivotal trials(Middleton 2019 等) 更新日期: 2026-06(review;整合 Pocket Medicine 9th Ed.)
一、定義與 Pathophysiology
CF:CFTR(Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator)gene mutation → Cl⁻ channel dysfunction → mucus 增稠 → multi-organ involvement
CFTR protein loss-of-function 機轉:
- Cl⁻ secretion 減少 → Na⁺ 和 water 補償性增加 → epithelial surface liquid dehydration → mucus 增稠
- Lung:mucus 堆積 → bacterial colonization → chronic inflammation → bronchiectasis
- Pancreas:duct obstruction → pancreatic enzyme 無法分泌 → maldigestion(exocrine gland dysfunction)
二、CFTR Mutation Classification
| 類別 | 機轉 | 代表突變 | 治療策略 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Class I | No protein | G542X(nonsense mutation) | Nonsense read-through(ataluren,研究中) |
| Class II | Misfolded protein | ΔF508(最常見,~70% alleles) | CFTR correctors(elexacaftor) |
| Class III | Gating defect | G551D | CFTR potentiators(ivacaftor) |
| Class IV | Reduced function | R117H | Potentiators |
| Class V | Reduced production |
三、Epidemiology
- 白種人最常見:1/3000-4000 新生兒(台灣/東方人較少見 ~1/20000-50000)
- AR(autosomal recessive)遺傳
- Carrier rate(白種人):~1/25
四、臨床表現
Respiratory
- Chronic cough、thick sputum
- Recurrent pneumonia(兒童期開始)
- Bronchiectasis(bilateral upper lobe predominant)
- Pneumothorax(spontaneous,因 emphysema)
- Massive hemoptysis
- 最終 respiratory failure(主要死因)
Gastrointestinal
- Meconium ileus:新生兒期(CF 的早期表現)
- Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency:fat-soluble vitamin(A、D、E、K)deficiency、malabsorption
- CF-related Diabetes(CFRD):10-25% 成人 CF 患者
- Cirrhosis:~10%(biliary cirrhosis)
- Intussusception、distal intestinal obstruction syndrome(DIOS)
Fertility
- 男性幾乎 infertile(congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens,CBAVD)
- 女性:menstruation 不規則,但仍可懷孕
其他
- Sinusitis(pansinusitis,幾乎所有 CF 患者)
- Salt loss(high-salt sweat)、heat exhaustion 風險
- Osteoporosis(CFRD + vitamin D deficiency + corticosteroid)
五、Diagnosis
Newborn screening
- Immunoreactive Trypsinogen(IRT):升高 → 再確認
確診
Sweat Chloride Test:金標準
- ≥60 mmol/L:確診
- 30-59 mmol/L:模糊(borderline)
- <30 mmol/L:排除(正常)
CFTR mutation analysis:
- 確認 2 個 pathogenic mutation(CF 診斷標準)
Nasal potential difference:診斷困難案例的輔助
六、Management(2024-2025 更新)
A. Airway clearance
- 每日 chest physiotherapy(oscillating PEP、ACBT)
- Hypertonic saline(7% NaCl)nebulization:前處理,稀釋 mucus
- Dornase alfa(Pulmozyme):DNase,降解 neutrophil 釋放的 DNA → 降低 sputum 黏度(Class I for CF)
B. 🆕 CFTR Modulator Therapy(革命性治療)
🌟 CFTR modulators 是 CF 治療的里程碑:直接修正 CFTR protein 功能異常
| 藥物 | 類型 | 作用 | 適應症 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ivacaftor(Kalydeco) | Potentiator | 增加 CFTR gate 開放 | Class III mutations(G551D)≥1 歲 |
| Lumacaftor/Ivacaftor(Orkambi) | Corrector + Potentiator | 修正 folding + 增強 function | ΔF508 homozygous ≥2 歲 |
| Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor(Symdeko) | Corrector + Potentiator | 改良版 corrector | ΔF508 heterozygous 或其他 |
| 🆕 Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor(Trikafta/Kaftrio) | Triple combination | 最強 corrector + potentiator | ≥1 個 F508del allele;適應年齡已下修(多數地區 ≥2 歲,部分含 ≥1 歲) |
🌟 Trikafta(ELX/TEZ/IVA)= 現今 CF 最重要的藥物:
- Pivotal trial:Middleton PG et al. NEJM 2019(VX17-445-102,F508del/minimal-function):ppFEV₁ 相對 placebo 改善 ~+14 個百分點,acute exacerbation rate ↓63%
- Barry PG et al. NEJM 2021(gating / residual-function genotypes):相較先前 modulator 仍有額外效益
- 覆蓋 ~90% CF 患者(凡帶 ≥1 個 F508del;亦含許多非 F508del mutation)
- 已改變 CF 長期預後(exacerbation、hospitalization、lung transplant 需求下降,預期壽命延長)
Adverse effects:
- Abnormal liver function(監測 LFT)
- Cataract(兒童)
- 與 CYP3A4 interaction(rifampin、azole antifungals)
C. Antibiotic 治療
Acute exacerbation:
- Mild-moderate:Oral ciprofloxacin(CF 患者耐受性相對好)
- Severe(Pseudomonas):IV anti-Pseudomonas(ceftazidime、piperacillin-tazobactam、meropenem)× 14-21 天
Chronic Pseudomonas infection(Inhaled antibiotics):
- Inhaled tobramycin(TOBI):on-off 交替月(28 天用/28 天停)
- Inhaled aztreonam(Cayston):另一選擇
- 效果:減少 acute exacerbation、維持 FEV₁
MRSA infection:
- IV Vancomycin 或 Linezolid(重症)
D. Bronchodilator
- SABA(salbutamol):airway hyperreactivity 時
- Inhaled LABA/LAMA:若合併 airflow obstruction
E. GI 管理
- Pancreatic enzyme replacement(PERT):每餐服用(Creon)→ 改善吸收
- Fat-soluble vitamins(ADEK)補充
- CF-related Diabetes(CFRD):Insulin 治療(不用 metformin、SGLT-2i)
- Liver disease:Ursodiol
F. Lung transplant
- CF 是兒童/年輕人 bilateral lung transplant 最常見的 indication
- 指標:FEV₁ <30% 或快速下降、頻繁 hospitalization、LTOT 依賴、hypercapnia(PaCO₂ >50 mmHg)
- Trikafta 普及後:lung transplant 需求可能減少
七、CF Microbiology
| 菌種 | 特點 |
|---|---|
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 最重要;chronic colonization 後形成 biofilm → 難以根除 |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 幼兒期常見(含 MRSA) |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 早期兒童期 |
| Burkholderia cepacia complex | 傳染力強、非常惡劣;infection者可能排除 lung transplant 候選 |
| NTM(Mycobacterium abscessus) | 越來越常見;治療困難 |
| Aspergillus | ABPA 風險 |
八、Clinical Pearls
- Trikafta 改變 CF 預後:~90% CF 患者受益,FEV₁ 改善、acute exacerbation 大幅減少
- Sweat chloride ≥60 = CF(金標準)
- 男性 CF = 幾乎 infertile(vas deferens 缺如);女性 fertility 下降但可懷孕
- Dornase alfa(DNase)in CF:有效(vs Non-CF bronchiectasis 無效)
- Burkholderia cepacia infection:CF 中最危險,可能排除 lung transplant 資格
- CFRD:用 insulin,不用 metformin(SGLT-2i 也不建議)
- 新生兒 CF:IRT 升高 → sweat test 確認
- CF 患者 Pseudomonas:一旦 chronic colonization,幾乎無法根除 → 長期 inhaled antibiotics
References
| 來源 | 年份 | 重點 |
|---|---|---|
| Middleton PG et al. Elexacaftor-Tezacaftor-Ivacaftor for CF with a Single Phe508del Allele. N Engl J Med 2019;381:1809-1819. PMID: 31697873 | 2019 | Trikafta pivotal trial(ppFEV₁ ↑~14、exacerbation ↓63%) |
| Barry PJ et al. Triple Therapy for CF—Gating and Residual Function Genotypes. N Engl J Med 2021;385:815-825. PMID: 34437784 | 2021 | ELX/TEZ/IVA 於 gating/residual-function genotype 仍有額外效益 |
| CFF Guidelines(Cystic Fibrosis Foundation) | — | CFTR modulator 使用、年齡適應症(待查最新版本年份) |
| ERS/ECFS CF Standards of Care | — | 歐洲觀點 |
| TOBI / inhaled tobramycin trials | — | Inhaled tobramycin for chronic Pseudomonas in CF |
